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按学科门类筛选,可继续下钻到具体专业与课程;内容为各课程复习要点,用于面谈与笔试备考。
政治经济学
核心内容
政治经济学 / 商品 / 货币 / 资本和剩余价值 / 资本积累 / 资本循环与周转 / 社会总资本 / 商品价值 / 商品价值量 / 价值形式的演变 / 商品经济的基本规律 / 货币转化为资本 / 剩余价值的源泉与资本的属性 / 剩余价值 / 相对剩余价值生产与企业制度的演进 / 工资 / 在生产 / 资本有机构成和相对过剩人口 / 资本积累的一般规律和历史规律 / 资本循环 / 资本周转 / 概念 / 特点 / 社会总资本运行的核心问题 / 正常运行的条件 / 经济增长
参考:来源:政治经济学.emmx|专业:经济学|课程:政治经济学
政治经济学摘录
核心内容
马克思主义政治经济学
研究生产关系
狭义的生产关系是指直接生产过程中形成的经济关系,主要是生产资料所有制关系。
广义的生产关系是指再生产过程中的经济关系。
社会再生产的一般过程是:在生产中,人们通过一定社会形式的劳动,生产出满足人类需要的物质产品;分配决定个人分取这些产品的比例;交换给个人带来他所需要的产品;最后,在消费中,产品变成人们使用的对象,从而生产的目的得到了实现。
资本主义劳动过程首先也必须生产出某种使用价值,满足人们的需要。但是,生产使用价值并不是资本家的目的,他的目的是生产剩余价值,获得价值增殖。资本主义生产的实质是剩余价值的生产。
雇佣工人的劳动时间可以分为两部分:一部分是必要劳动时间,用于再生产劳动力的价值;另一部分是剩余劳动时间,用于无偿地为资本家生产剩余价值。剩余价值就是雇佣工人所创造的并被资本家无偿占有的超过劳动力价值的那部分价值。它是雇佣工人在剩余劳动时间创造的价值。
垫付资本分为不变资本和可变资本。
不变资本(c)以生产资料的形式存在,价值通过具体劳动被转移到新产品中,转移的总是生产资料原有的价值量。生产资料不改变自己的价值量。
可变资本(v)变为劳动力。劳动力在生产过程中发挥作用的结果,不仅再生产出劳动力的价值,而且生产出剩余价值(m),发生了价值增殖。
产品价值为c + v + m。
剩余价值率=剩余价值/可变资本=m/v=剩余劳动时间/必要劳动时间
绝对剩余价值:必要劳动时间不变,延长劳动时间而生产的剩余价值。
相对剩余价值:缩短必要劳动时间相对延长剩余劳动时间而生产的剩余价值
必要劳动时间是再生产劳动力价值的时间。劳动力价值由维持工人及其家属生活所必需的生活资料的价值所构成。这些生活资料价值和生产它的劳动生产率成反比。
单个企业提高劳动生产率产生超额剩余价值。
超额剩余价值,是指企业由于提高劳动生产率而使商品个别价值低于社会价值的差额,工人在同样的劳动时间中创造了更多的价值。
个别生产价格低于社会生产价格的企业,可以获得高于平均利润的超额利润。
平均利润率:社会总资本的利润率
平均利润率=剩余价值总额/社会总资本
平均利润=平均利润率×预付资本
平均利润率的高低取决于两个因素:部门利润率水平;社会总资本在各部门之间的分配。随着社会生产力的发展,社会资本平均有机构成会提高,因此平均利润率一般会趋于下降。
资本主义再生产
简单再生产:工人所创造的全部剩余价值都被资本家用于个人消费,再生产只是在原有规模上重复进行。
扩大再生产和资本积累:如果资本家不把全部剩余价值用于个人消费,而是将其中的一部分合并到原有的资本中去,用以购买生产资料和劳动力,使生产在扩大的规模上进行,剩余价值转化为资本即资本积累。
资本有机构成:价值形态上资本是由不变资本和可变资本构成的,它们之间的比例叫做资本价值构成或资本有机构成。
从资本积累的规律看,资本有机构成具有不断提高的趋势。增加剩余价值的主要手段:不断提高劳动生产率,缩短必要劳动时间,相对增加剩余劳动时间。
劳动生产率的提高表现为每个劳动者所运用的生产资料增多,即资本价值的不变部分的增加和可变部分的减少。
对劳动力的需求由总资本中可变部分的大小决定的,所以在资本有机构成提高的条件下,对劳动力的需求,同资本量相比相对地减少了,造成失业。
社会主义社会,以及共产主义社会是一个集体的、以生产资料公有为基础的社会。
社会主义的本质:解放生产力,发展生产力,消灭剥削,消除两极分化,最终达到共同富裕。”
社会主义市场经济是社会主义基本制度与市场经济有机结合的经济体制。
社会主义市场经济具有深刻的内涵
参考:来源:政治经济学摘录.docx|专业:经济学|课程:政治经济学
政治经济学梳理
核心内容
Marxist political economics
Study production relations
Production relation: economic relation formed in direct production process and reproduction process, mainly the ownership relation of means of production.
Surplus value
Capitalist's goal: produce surplus value, to obtain value proliferation. The essence of capitalist production is the production of surplus value.
The labor time of workers: necessary labor time, surplus labor time.
Surplus value: exceeds the value of labor force, created by the remaining labor time of the hired worker.
Advanced capital is divided into constant capital and variable capital.
Constant capital (c): means of production. Value is transferred to new products through specific labor, and the original value of means of production is always transferred. The means of production do not change their value.
Variable capital(v) becomes labor. As a result of labor force playing a role in the production process, not only the value of labor force is regenerated, but also the surplus value (M) is produced, resulting in value proliferation.
The product value is c + v + m.
Surplus value ratio = surplus value/variable capital =m/ v = surplus labor time/necessary labor time
Absolute surplus value: the surplus value produced when necessary labor hours remain unchanged and labor hours are extended.
Relative surplus value: Surplus value produced by shortening necessary labor time relative to extending surplus labor time
Necessary labor time: reproduce the value of l
参考:来源:政治经济学梳理.docx|专业:经济学|课程:政治经济学
政治经济学梳理简版
核心内容
Marxist political economics
Study production relations
Production relation: economic relation formed in direct production process and reproduction process, mainly the ownership relation of means of production.
Surplus value
Capitalist's goal: produce surplus value, to obtain value proliferation. The essence of capitalist production is the production of surplus value.
The labor time of workers: necessary labor time, surplus labor time.
Surplus value: exceeds the value of labor force, created by the remaining labor time of the hired worker.
Necessary labor time: reproduce the value of labor force. The value of labor force consists of the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the maintenance of workers and their families.
Reproduction of capitalism
Simple reproduction: all surplus value created by the worker is used by the capitalist for personal consumption, reproduction is only repeated on the original scale.
Expand reproduction and capital accumulation: merges part of surplus value into the original capital to purchase means of production and labor force, so that production can be carried out on an expanded scale, surplus value is transformed into capital, that is, capital accumulation.
Socialist economy
Socialist society, as well as communist society, is a collective society based on the public ownership of the means of production.
The essence of socialism is to liberate and develop productive forces, eliminate exploitation, eliminate polarization and eventually ac
参考:来源:政治经济学梳理简版.docx|专业:经济学|课程:政治经济学
经济主修课(宏微观·计量·国贸) · 经济主修课(1
核心内容
This includes:
Macroeconomic 宏观经济学 √
Micro economic 微观经济学 √
Econometrics 计量经济学/statistic 统计学 √
International Trade 国际贸易学 √
Microeconomics
A:Intro
Definition of Microeconomics:
Microeconomics is a branch of mainstream economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms.
Difference between Micro and Macro:
Microeconomics focus on the study of individual markets,sectors,or industries as opposed to the national economy as a whole,which is studied in macroeconomics.
Macro:focuses on the sum total of the economic activities,dealing with the issues of growth inflation,and unemployment
One goal of microeconomics
One goal of microeconomics is to analyze the market mechanisms(市场机制) that establish relative prices among goods and services and allocate limited resources among alternative uses. Microeconomics shows conditions under which free markets lead to desirable allocations/asume that the market is efficient and it can allocate resources appropriately. It also analyzes market failure, where markets fail to produce efficient results.
What do you learn in this class?(from e to d /from redundant to concise)
Well, I could say it’s really a fundamental cource for our economic majored students.So,first,the professor gives us an inteoduction of the Microeconomy before we digged into it.I leanrt the Demand&Supply ,which can lead to a equilibrium of the mark
参考:来源:经济主修课(1.docx|专业:经济学|课程:经济主修课(宏微观·计量·国贸)
经济学 APS 面试题
核心内容
面试题目
1你的专业是经济学,有哪些主要的科目
2在中级微观经济学主要学了什么
3宏观和微观的区别
4关于中央银行的内容
5关于金融政策的手段,如何进行公开市场操作,什么是存款准备金率,为什么要有存款准备金
6商业银行和中央银行的区别,商业银行如何获得收入
7关于发展经济学学了什么,发展中国家如何发展经济
8在外国经济思想史中主要学习了那些经济流派,亚当斯密的主要观点是什么,解释绝对优势理论的内容
9关于毕业论文主要内容,两个不同地区的土地改革分别是在哪个地点,内容有什么不同
时间结束
笔试题目
1简单介绍中级宏观经济学
2写两个经济学模型,并解释模型,在现实情况下模型能否使用,有什么缺点。
参考:来源:面试笔试.docx|专业:经济学|课程:经济学 APS 面试题
微观经济学
核心内容
微观经济学 Microeconomics
A:Intro
Definition of Microeconomics:
Microeconomics is a branch of mainstream economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms.
Difference between Micro and Macro:
Microeconomics focus on the study of individual markets,sectors,or industries as opposed to the national economy as a whole,which is studied in macroeconomics.
Macro:focuses on the sum total of the economic activities,dealing with the issues of growth inflation,and unemployment
Supply & Demand
Demand
.Definition
the number of goods that consumers are willing and able to purchase within a certain period of time.
Individual demand:the quantity of good bought by Individual consumers at various possible prices
Market demand:Refers to the Aggregation of individual demands/the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service.
Demand curve
1.The demand curve is an illustration of the correlation between commodies &services and volume of demand.
In a coordinate system, the X axis means quantity and the Y axis means the price of products,the demand curve slopes down(向下倾斜)/it’s a downward sloping line .it means if the price of a product is higher, the demand for it is lower.
More description about the movement
Factors affect demand:
Price
None-price factors:Income /preferrence and expectation of consumer complement and substitute good
substitute good:
two goo
参考:来源:1 金融相关类专业-- 微观经济学篇.docx|专业:金融|课程:微观经济学
统计学
核心内容
APS 文稿 统计学篇 Statistics
Statistics is a method course, mainly learning how to collect, analyze, process, interpret data and draw conclusions from it.
统计学是一门方法类的课程,主要学习如何收集、分析、处理、解释数据并从中的出结论。
统计分为描述统计和推断统计。
描述统计指的是将收集的数据汇总并进行图表描述和概括性分析。
推断统计指的是研究如何使用样本数据来推断总体特征。
(总体population 是包含所研究的全部个体,样本Sample是总体重抽取的一部分样本的集合。比如想研究一批灯泡的使用寿命,这批灯泡所构成的集合就是总体,我从中抽取一批就是样本。)
主要从以下几个方面进行思维导图的展开:数据的类型、数据的概括性度量这是属于描述部分,之后推断统计:学习了样本的分布函数、参数估计、假设检验等。
如果你是经济学或者金融学相关的专业,那么统计学主要能够大概面的进行剖析课程就足够了, 不用到特别的细致。重点得几个方法能给出例子说明就没问题。
数据的类型与概括性度量Data type and summary measurement
Type of Data
1. Cross sectional Data
Data collected in different spaces at the same or similar time points, such as GDP 2. Time series data of countries in 2022
2.Data collected at different times,Used to describe how objects change over time.
For example, China's GDP from 2001 to 2021
Cross-sectional Data横截面数据
是在相同或相近的时间点上在不同空间搜集的数据,比如2022年各国的GDP
Time series data时间序列数据
是在不同时间搜集到的数据,用于描述对象随时间变化的情况。
比如2001-2021中国的GDP
数据的概括性度量Summary measurement of data
Mainly learned how to measure the concentration trend and dispersion of data
主要学习了如何度量数据的集中趋势和离散程度
集中趋势的度量:指一组数据向中心的靠拢程度
Mode, median and mean can be used
The mode is the variable value with the most occurrences in a group of data, expressed by
The median is the variable value in the middle of a group of data sorted, expressed by
可以使用众数、中位数和平均数
众数(mode)是一组数据中出现次数最多的变量值,用表示
中位数是一组数据排序后处于中间位置上的变量值,用表示
=
Mean is the sum of a group of data divided by the number of this group of data:
平均值(mean)是一组数据
参考:来源:10 统计相关专业--统计学篇.docx|专业:金融|课程:统计学
产业经济学
核心内容
APS文稿之Industrial Economics产业经济学
Industrial economics takes industry as the research object, including structure, development, policy and so on. Explore the relationship between industries and the law of organizational structure change of enterprises.
The basic knowledge of the industry, economies of scale and the measurement of enterprise concentration.
主要学习了产业的基础知识,规模经济,企业集中度的测量。
(一)Industry and Industry classification
First of all, industry refers to the collection of economic activities of enterprises with certain similar attributes. Its characteristic is intermediate economy between macroeconomics and microeconomics. The classification method of general industry is leading industry and pillar industry.
Leading industry refers to new production function and higher growth rate depending on scientific and technological progress or innovation. 】
For example ,the High tech industry
Pillar industries are the industries that play a supporting role in the national economy, but may not play a guiding role. It occupies an important strategic position in the national economic system.
For example,the Petrochemical industry,large scale heavy industry
首先,产业是指具有某些相似属性的企业的经济活动的集合。其特点是介于宏观经济和微观经济之间的中间经济。一般产业的分类方法是主导产业和支柱产业。
主导产业是指依靠科技进步或创新而产生的新的生产功能和更高的增长率。】
例如,高科技产业支柱产业是在国民经济中起支持作用,但可能不起指导作用的产业。它在国民经济体系中占有重要的战略地位。
例如,石油化工、大规模重工业
(二)Industry concentration 行业集中度的测度
There are two main methods to measure enterprise concentration: CR and HHI.
CR is the market concentration, which measure
参考:来源:11 经济类相关专业---产业经济学篇.docx|专业:金融|课程:产业经济学
财务报表分析
核心内容
APS文稿--财务报表分析Financial Statement Analyse
Financial statement analysis is a method involving specific techniques to evaluate risks, performance, financial health and future prospects of an organization.
财务报表分析是审查和分析公司财务报表以做出更好的经济决策的过程。这些报表包括损益表、资产负债表、现金流量表和权益变动表。财务报表分析是一种涉及特定技术的方法,用于评估组织的风险、绩效、财务状况和未来前景。大家可以从这个方向下手:学习了如何分析资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表以及如何分析财务效率。
在这门科目中比较重要的一部分就是分析财务报表的方法。需要能简单的说明。比如:横向分析和纵向分析。横向分析比较一段时间内的财务信息,通常来自过去的季度或年份。纵向分析是对财务报表的百分比分析。财务报表中列出的每一行项目都以另一行项目的百分比列出。There are two methods to analyze the balance sheet, horizontal analysis and vertical analysis. Horizontal analysis compares financial information over time, usually from past quarters or years. Vertical analysis is a percentage analysis of financial statements. Each line item listed in the financial statements is listed as a percentage of the other line item.
Balance sheet资产负债表
资产负债表是这个科目中最核心的内容,审核时候的重点,当然笔试中也可能大机率的出现。
是以“资产=负债+所有者权益”为平衡关系编制的报表,反映企业的财务状况。
It is a statement prepared with "assets=liabilities+owner's equity" as the balance relationship, reflecting the financial status of the enterprise.
在资产负债表中里面有一些常见的表内数据需要能够罗列出一些,并且能够解释。
比如:
Asset:
流动
·货币资金 Monetary Capital
·应收账款 Account receivable
·存货inventories
非流动
·长期股权投资 long term equity investment
·固定资产 fixed asset
Liability:
·短期借款 Short Term borrowing
·应付账款 Accounts payable
Ownership interest:
·实收资本 Paid in Capital
·资本公积Capital Reserve
利润表Profit Statement
利润表是反映企业在一定时期经营成果的会计报表。
Reveal the income and expense of the enterprise in a certain period(a month/a se
参考:来源:12 财务管理专业 -- 财务报表分析篇.docx|专业:金融|课程:财务报表分析
计量经济学
核心内容
APS文稿之计量经济学Econometrics
计量经济学这门课程对于大多数人来说都是比较难的一门课程,并且里面包含很多复杂的数学公式,所以复习和整合起来就是比较头大的事情。但是,好在这门课程在审核过程中算不上高频出现的科目,即使被问到也只是对框架性内容进行概括性说明,并且能对2-3个知识点熟知就足以。这也让需要准备这科的学员们松了一口气。
这篇文稿,我们从三个方面来说明这个课程,当然有的同学喜欢讲一元线性回归的知识点,也是完完全全没有任何问题的。 大家可以根据自己更熟悉的知识点下手,因为我们说,这个科目只要是细节知识点有2-3就足以。
一、Model Building构建模型
What’s Econometrics?
Econometrics applies mathematics, statistical methods and computer science to economic data. By building up some models,econometrics explain some economics phenomena in quantitative analysis.
计量经济学econometrics 是以数理经济学和数理统计学为方法论基础,对于经济问题用理论上的数量接近和经验上的数量接近 进行综合产生的经济学分支。
主要是定量分析。将各种研究量汇总计算,建立模型,画在表中的分析。
如何建立计量经济模型,用stata软件进行了实践
First, the variables we want to study must have a certain causal effect, such as the relationship between learning time and academic performance.
首先先把我们想研究的变量必须有一定的因果关系(casual effect),比如研究学习时间和学习成绩的关系。
Then we can build the model:这是一个简单回归模型Simple regression model
Y=β0+β1X+μ
Y which is called the dependent variable or explained variable. We want to explain it as a result
For example ,the grade of a class of student
X refers to independent variable ,it is our explanatory variable ,it can be seen as a reason.
We’ve also have other control variable ,as our previous example,what can also determine the school performance maybe the time of playing electronic devices or students home environment .
μ refers to random error term and interference term, which means that we have not considered or are difficult to observe other factors that can affect other th
参考:来源:2 金融相关专业 --- 计量经济学篇.docx|专业:金融|课程:计量经济学
宏观经济学
核心内容
APS文稿 --- 宏观经济学Macroeconomic
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole.So the Macroeconomics mainly focuses on the whole national economy and how the national government impose some policy to effect the development of economy.
一、How to measure GDP&GNP&CPI.
(一)国民总收入的衡量
GDP (gross domestic product).
What: A monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time in a fixed country, often annually.
How: the sum of consumption, investment, government spending and net exports (X – M).
Function: Y = C + I + G + NX.
C refers to consumption I refers to investment G refers to government purchase NX refers to net export(export minus import)
GNP (gross national product).
What: Gross national product (GNP) is an estimate of total value of all the final products and services turned out in a given period by the means of production owned by a country's residents.
How:
GNP is equal to GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments, and minus income earned within the domestic by residents of other country..
For example,The value of the products created by a German company, which is located in china, should be introduced in china’s GDP while German’s GNP,but not in Chinese GNP
GDP VS. GNP.
What:
GDP defines production based on the geographical location of production.
GNP indicates the production based on location of ownership.
Which is bet
参考:来源:3 金融相关专业--宏观经济学篇.docx|专业:金融|课程:宏观经济学
国际金融 International Finance
核心内容
APS 金融专业 ---- 国际金融篇
说到国际金融,几乎是必须准备的科目里的最重要的一科。 我们一起来看看国际金融需要准备的内容有什么。
国际金融主要可以从三个大板块入手(这三个板块是必不可少的):国际收支平衡(Balance of Payment),汇率(exchange rate), 国际货币体系(International Monetary System) 。
第一部分:国际收支平衡 Balance of Payment
首先肯定要了解国际收支平衡的定义;components of BOP及其定义, 包括它的公式。这里面比较重要的是金融账户, 要能说出直接投资、证券投资和金融衍生品的定义并举出详细例子。比如之前有学生审核遇到过这样的问题: 请你说出金融衍生工具?
BOP 部分中相当重要的部分是国际失衡(imbalance of BOP), 能够说出失衡的原因,并且了解如何进行调节, 对弹性论的调节方法要能说出很详细的内容,如何使用这种方法去应对国际收支失衡。
第二部分: 汇率 exchange rate
首先一个重要知识点一定是影响汇率的因素。 除了能说出这些因素的名称,还需要对如何影响的这个过程进行口述。 比如:请问如果国际储备增加,那么汇率会发生什么样的变化? 为啥你会说有这样的变化,请你对整个过程进行解释。这个部分对于通货膨胀,通货紧缩对汇率的影响也是高频背提问的重点。
其次汇率的影响,这个位置需要对基本知识的掌握就可以,要能说出这几项内容。接下来就是比较重要的板块,关于汇率制度。固定汇率和浮动汇率,当然对于定义的掌握只是最基本的操作。 针对这个位置我们的学生还曾经被问到一些更深层次的内容。 比如:中国实施的是固定汇率还是浮动汇率? 美国实施的是固定汇率还是浮动汇率? 当然,这个的正确答案是“红灭”审核官给出的, 中国采取的固定汇率和浮动汇率相结合的汇率制度。那么会继续提问,请问: “中国是如何利用两种汇率相结合的汇率政策来发展中国经济的?” 。所以对于这种深层次的问题,学生还是需要提前做一些准备。 包括有两种汇率制度的优缺点分析。 也要熟知蒙代尔模型,以防被问到与效率分析相关的问题。
第三部分:国际货币体系 International Monetary System
这个部分主要是需要掌握布雷顿森林体系。要能讲的比较详细。
国际金融这科是比较重要的科目,也是必会科目。 不光学生对书本上的重点内容了如指掌,还需要结合现在当下的各种政策,制度等延伸性的知识内容进行了解和备考。
附整体思维导图:
参考:来源:4 金融专业-国际金融篇(International Finance.docx|专业:金融|课程:国际金融 International Finance
国际金融(思维导图) · 4
核心内容
· International Finance(国际金融)总纲
· 中心主题:International finance(国际金融)
· 五大分支:Foreign exchange(外汇)、Exchange rate(汇率)、Balance of payment(国际收支)、Monetary policy(货币政策)、Activities(活动/作业)
· ① Foreign exchange(外汇)
· 需补充:外汇 definition(定义)
· 需补充:外汇市场 definition(定义)
· 考点:What factors can influence the changes of foreign exchange rate(哪些因素会影响汇率变动)
· 考点:投机/套利(speculation/arbitrage)
· ② Exchange rate(汇率)
· 需补充:影响因素
· 关键概念:资本流动(capital flow)
· 关键概念:cash flow(现金流)
· 关键概念:capital flow(资本流动)
· ③ Balance of payment(国际收支,BOP)
· 考点:What is the formula for balance of payments(国际收支的公式是什么)
· 公式:current account + CA + FA + BI = 0
· current account(经常账户)
· CA(经常账户,Current Account)
· FA(金融账户,Financial Account)
· BI(官方储备/平衡项,Balancing Item)
· 考点:how to analyze BOP account(如何分析国际收支账户)
· 考点:Disequilibrium(失衡)
· 考点:布雷顿森林体系(Bretton Woods System)
· ④ Monetary policy(货币政策)
· 需补充:monetary policy definition(货币政策定义)
· 需补充:purpose of monetary policies(货币政策的目的)
· ⑤ Activities(活动/作业)
· 课程配套活动/作业(具体内容未在资料中展开)
参考:来源:4.jpg|专业:金融|课程:国际金融(思维导图)
国际服务贸易
核心内容
APS文稿之国际服务贸易 International Trade in Service
国际服务贸易这个科目,如果你是国际贸易专业的话,这个科目需要更严谨的准备一下,如果你是经济类相关专业,当然这个科目算不太上TOP核心科目里面,但是也需要对整体框架了解,并且能说出几个核心知识点。
国际服务贸易是相对传统的货物贸易来说的。
International trade in services is relative to traditional trade in goods.Also called the service .
refers to the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer and consumer.
In this course ,this course mainly introduces 3 things:categories of international trade in service、Outsourcing of service trade and development status of service trade nowadays.
服务贸易的分类、服务贸易的外包、服务贸易的发展现状
Classification of service trade服务贸易的分类
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defines international trade in services as four categories:
1) Cross border delivery: service providers in a country provide services to consumers in the territory of another country. For example, lawyers in the United States provide legal advice to clients in the United Kingdom.
2) Overseas consumption: the service provider provides services to consumers from another country. For example, consumers of one country travel and study in the territory of another country
3) Commercial presence: A service provider of one member establishes a commercial or professional organization in the territory of another member to provide services to consumers in the latter's territory. For example, a member's bank or insurance company opens branches in the territory of another member to provide financial and insurance services.
4) Movement
参考:来源:5 金融相关专业 --- 国际服务贸易篇.docx|专业:金融|课程:国际服务贸易