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跨文化商务交际 · APS课程资料整理-商务英语-最终版
核心内容
Cross-Cultural Business Communication跨文化商务交际RC
Culture
Definition: The classic definition of culture was provided by the 19th-century English anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor in his book Primitive Culture: Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
Features: learned behavior; usually acquired unconsciously; shared among its members; persistent and enduring; manifests itself both implicitly and explicitly; adaptive and changeable; relational.
Cultural Diversity
According to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, a national culture may encourage individualism or emphasize collectivism. This clarifies society’s values and priorities with regards to personal versus group needs and wishes.
Individualism VS Collectivism:
Individualism is believing in individuality, diversity and freedom over authority and conformity. Individualism emphasizes the separateness, independence and uniqueness of different people.
Collectivism is a value that is characterized by emphasis on cohesiveness among individuals and prioritization of the group over the self. Individuals or groups that subscribe to a collectivist worldview tend to find common values and goals as particularly salient and demonstrate greater orientation toward in-group than toward out-group.
Intercultural Communication
Culture and communication
Inseparable: Culture gives meaning and provides the context for
参考：来源：APS课程资料整理-商务英语-最终版.docx｜专业：商务英语｜课程：跨文化商务交际
A Brief History of German Language 德语简史
核心内容
German belongs to the Indo-European language family (including English, German and Dutch) and the West Germanic branch。 Deutsch gehört zur indogermanischen Sprachfamilie (das Englische, Deutsche, Niederländische) und dem westgermanischen Zweig. 德语属于印欧语系（包括英，德，荷兰语），西日耳曼语支。 German is influenced by Latin. There are affixes（词缀） absorbed（吸收） from Latin in German, such as the suffix - ismus， der Idealismus（理想主义） Die deutsche Sprache wurde vom Lateinischen beeinflusst, und es gibt Suffixe im Deutschen, die aus dem Lateinischen übernommen wurden, wie das Suffix -ismus, der Idealismus（理想主义） 德语受到拉丁语的影响，德语中有从拉丁语中吸收过来的词缀，如表示“主义”的后缀-ismus，der Idealismus（理想主义） The early German is a mixture of many dialects（fang'yan方言）. Das frühe Deutsch ist eine Mischung aus vielen Dialekten 早期德语是由不同部落的方言融合而成。 The development history of German can be divided into four stages. Die Geschichte der Entwicklung der deutschen Sprache lässt sich in vier Phasen einteilen. 德语历史发展历史可以分为四个阶段。 Althochdeutsch早期中古德语 650-1050年 Local dialect 地方方言 Mittelhochdeutsch中期中古德语 1050-1030年 Local dialect地方方言 Frühneuhochdeutsch晚期中古德语 1350-1650年 Neuhochdeutsch 近代德语 1650年-至今 A Brief History of German Language Geschichte der deutschen Sprache 德语简史 Martin Luther was an important person in the development of modern German. Martin Luther war eine wichtige Person in der Entwicklung des modernen Deutsch. 近代德语发展的重要人物是 马丁路德。 Konrad Duden was also an important person in the development of modern German. Konrad Duden war eine wichtige Person in der Entwi
参考：来源：A Brief History of German Language 德语简史.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：A Brief History of German Language 德语简史
A Brief History of German Language 德语简史（2）
核心内容
· Sprachfamilie und -zweig（语系与语支）
· Deutsch gehört zur indogermanischen / indoeuropäischen Sprachfamilie（印欧语系）, zusammen mit Englisch und Niederländisch.
· Innerhalb dieser Familie zählt es zum westgermanischen Zweig（西日耳曼语支）.
· Christentum als Staatsreligion des Römischen Reiches → Einführung ins Frankenreich（法兰克王国）; das Ostfrankenreich gilt als Vorläufer des deutschen Sprachraums.
· Latein als Amtssprache（官方语言）des Frankenreichs → starker lateinischer Einfluss auf das Deutsche.
· Bis heute entlehnte Suffixe aus dem Lateinischen, z. B. -ismus zur Bezeichnung von „主义“: der Idealismus（理想主义）.
· Periodisierung der deutschen Sprachgeschichte（德语历史分期）
· Deutsch entstand aus der Verschmelzung von Dialekten verschiedener Stämme（不同部落方言的融合）.
· Althochdeutsch（早期中古德语）: regionale Dialekte（地方方言）.
· Mittelhochdeutsch（中期中古德语）: regionale Dialekte（地方方言）.
· Frühneuhochdeutsch（晚期中古德语）: 1350–1650.
· Neuhochdeutsch（近代德语）: 1500 bis heute.
· Wichtige Personen（重要人物）
· Martin Luther（马丁·路德）
· Deutscher Reformator（宗教改革家）, ab 1517; Begründer des Protestantismus（新教）.
· Übersetzte die Bibel aus dem Griechischen ins Deutsche（将《圣经》从希腊语译为德语）.
· Gilt als Begründer der neuzeitlichen deutschen Schriftsprache（近代书面德语创始人）.
· Goethe und Schiller（歌德与席勒）
· Ihre literarischen Werke wurden begeistert aufgenommen und förderten die Verbreitung der Standardsprache（促进标准德语传播）.
· Konrad Duden（康拉德·杜登）
· Gilt als Vater der deutschen Orthographie（德国正字法之父）.
· Problem: keine einheitlichen Schreibregeln → Nachteile für Unterricht und Verlage.
· 1902 erschien sein Orthographisches Wörterbuch（《正字法词典》）→ wurde zum gesetzlich verbindlichen Regelwerk der deutschen Schreibung.
· Reform der Rechtschreibung（正字法改革）
· Ab 1998 Einführung der neuen Rechtschreibung（新正字法）.
· 1998–2005: Übergangsphase（过渡阶段）.
· Danach ersetzt die neue Schreibweise die alte.
· Beispiel: -ss am Wortende wird akzeptiert, z. B. dass, muss.
· In der traditionellen Schreibung war dies nicht erlaubt; vorgeschrieben waren daß und muß.
参考：来源：A Brief History of German Language 德语简史（2）.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：A Brief History of German Language 德语简史
APS德汉口译
核心内容
Mood: Create a certain atmosphere through the use of linguistic means e.g. through adjectives or adverbs What is important? Content/argumentation structure e.g. und, aber, daher... Facts and personal opinions theory What is less important? Repetition Redundancies Digressions from the line of argument Anecdotes Recognize the structure of a speech Narrative: The speaker tells a story. Contrasts: e.g. pros (1und2darüberaus3) and contras (1außerdem2zusätzlich3) Argumentation: The speaker follows a common thread and ends with a conclusion. Each class has two hosts, a speaker, an interpreter, and other students are responsible for the comments. 双向口译 German-Chinese Bilateral Interpretation give speeches meanings of different gestures of a cat's tail, e.g. Cats tuck their tails between their legs when they're scared or sad, or anxious about a new situation. Learned experience The interpreter should communicate the translation method (paragraph by paragraph or sentence by sentence) with the reporter in advance. The interpreter should stand behind or off the court and make eye contact with the reporter. The speaker should be very familiar with the notes and speak rather than memorize them. Watch a three-minute video and write an outline. Listen carefully again to fill in the details. Then a classmate was chosen to interpret. Finally, the teacher summarized the details and logical errors. Pay attention to logic, do not interpret word for word. Whether to interpret a special noun li
参考：来源：APS德汉口译.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德汉口译
APS德语写作
核心内容
In order to substantiate a thesis, one does not only have to cite arguments. It's about making the argument meaningf ul. A complete argumentation consists of argument, explanation and example. Introduction: Occasion&Thesis Main part: Arguments Conclusion: Summary Discussion in simple form Example Reason: My brother always complains to me about so much homework. Thesis: Middle school students should be assigned less homework. Argument 1: Middle school students do homework until midnight every day, which af f ects their growth. Argument 2: They need time to develop other skills. Argument 3: Too much homework af f ects students' interest in learning. In summary, one could say that f or middle school students, too much homework does more harm than good. And middle school students should be f ully developed. Ich bin der Meinung/Ansicht, dass... Meiner Meinung nach ... Ich bin überzeugt, dass... idioms of expression of opinion Daf ür/Dagegen sprechen verschiedene Argumente: ... Das wichtigste Argument f ür/gegen ... ist, ... idioms of argument Daf ür lassen sich viele Beispiele nennen: ... idioms of examples Letter of application Sender(Address, T el, Email) Addressee(address) Subject Date Greeting Main body Salutation 德语写作German Writing Column chart柱状图 Bar chart长条图 types of diagram Curve chart曲线图 Doughnut chart圆环图 Pie chart饼图 Für/Gegen ... sprechen f olgende Argumente: ... Einerseits ..., andererseits ... Means of reconciliation f rom pro to contra arguments Discussion
参考：来源：APS德语写作.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语写作
APS德语口语
核心内容
高级德语口语 Advanced Oral German presentation Yantai Fruit Yantai Apple(Fuji Apple): national brand; Yantai Cherry: Nearly 70 percent of cherries in China come from Yantai. my hometown Yantai the sea People in Yantai love to take sea baths; Yantai has the most natural bathing beach. the perfect temperature: 4 p.m. in July and August tourist attractions Yantai's first/second bathing beach, Yantai Railway Station, Yangma-Island, Penglai-Palivion historical background Shandong is the hometown of Confucius and Mencius, the birthplace of Confucianism, which makes the Shandong diet to achieve a realm of peace. As early as the Zhou Dynasty, eating etiquette had formed a complete system. The traditional banquet etiquette of Han nationality has been completely preserved in Shandong region. the table manners in Shandong the importance of seating Under the influence of Confucianism, the distinction between guest and host, senior and young at the wine table should not be careless. The person sitting opposite the door is the guest. drinking culture etiquette of drinking Don't pour until everyone is seated. relationship between etiquette and culture The Chinese believe that food is closely related to one's fate. When dining with a traditional Chinese family, respecting their etiquette means respecting their culture and not violating taboos. e.g. Don't stick your chopsticks straight into the middle of the bowl, because it's like worshipping ancestors. Alle nehmen Platz und der Wein wird eingesc
参考：来源：APS德语口语.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语口语
APS德语国家社会历史
核心内容
Overview of the German-speaking countries Überblick über die Bundesrepublik Deutschland德意志 联邦共和国概况 Geography Germany is located in the heart of Europe. Germany has the seventh largest land area in Europe, of which 33% is cultivated and 31% is forested. The population is the largest in the European Union. 国土 面积欧洲第七，其中耕地面积33%，森林面积占31%； 人口是欧盟人口最多的国家 Four large landscapes: The terrain is characterized by low north and high south -- North Germany: lowland plain; central Germany: Hills and mountains; southern Germany: The Alps 北低南高——北德：低地平原；中德： 丘陵山地；南德：阿尔卑斯山区 climate: Temperate maritime climate (northwest) and continental climate (southeast) transition zone温 带海洋性气候(西北)和大陆性气候(东南)的过渡区 Germany has 3 city states市州 and 13 federal states 联邦州. 三级选举制Three-tier electoral system: 地方、州议会和 联邦议院 local, state parliaments and the Bundestag， 每四年一次elections are held every 4 years Politics 议会两院制The bicameral Parliament: is composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives 联邦 议院Bundestag+联邦参议院Bundesrat。 联邦议院是国家最高权力机关,主要行使立法权、选举 权、监督权，必要时可对联邦总理提出建设性不信任案 (Konstruktives Misstrauensvotum): The Bundestag is the highest organ of state power, exercising the legislative, voting and supervisory powers, and can raise Constructive vote of no confidence against the federal prime minister when necessary Europe's largest economy欧洲最大国民经济体 economy a large industrial country with manufacturing as an important economic pillar工业大国，制造业是重要支柱 Export-oriented economy外向型经济体 the Germans typical Germans: punctual, du
参考：来源：APS德语国家社会历史.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语国家社会历史
APS德语语法词汇
核心内容
as subject: Es freut mich, dich zu sehen. functions of "zu" as object: Ich versuche, das Buch zu verkaufen. as apposition: Es ist Zeit, schlafen zu gehen. as the predicative: Sein Wunsch ist, Arzt zu werden. sein+zu+Inf. Die Grammatik ist nicht schwer zu erkennen. zu Infinitiv+zu scheinen+zu+Inf. Es scheint zu regnen. um...zu final clause, the main clause agrees with the subject ohne...zu ohne...dass Comparative & Superlative(Komparativ&Superlativ) change rules the use of comparative & superlative adjectives können can dürfen wollen will should modal verbs(Modalverben) sollen sollen is the statement of unnamed persons: often begin with: Man sagt, ...; Du weißt doch,... müssen must mögen möchten 德语语法词汇 German Grammar and Vocabulary Grammar verbs without accusative(Verben ohne Akk.) For verbs without an accusative, the subject completion of a sentence in the noun phrase becomes the genitive attribute. e.g. Chinesische Wirtschaft wächst weiter zweistellig → das weitere zweistellige Wachstum der chinesischen Wirtschaft For verbs without an accusative, the subject completion of a sentence in the noun phrase becomes the genitive attribute. e.g. Wir bemühen uns um ein Außenhandelsgleichgewicht. unsere Bemühung um ein Außenhandelsgleichgewicht. nominalization of verbs(Nominalisierung von Verben) verbs with accusative(...mit...) For verbs + subject + accusative, the accusative in the noun phrase becomes the genitive attribute. e.g. Der Direktor begrüßte die Gäste. verbs with dative
参考：来源：APS德语语法词汇.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语语法词汇
APS德语语言学导论+专题
核心内容
1语言学的基本概念Basic concepts of linguistics Linguistics deals with the description and explanation of language, speech and linguistic communication. morpheme语素 Def inition: Morphemes are the smallest linguistic units with a meaningful f unction. The morphemes can no longer be f urther decomposed. 3形态学Morphology determinative compound determiner + basic word: Arbeitstag, Arbeitszeit, Spielzeit composition possessive compound e.g. Langf inger= Person, die stiehlt, kein Finger copulative compound e.g. Pulloverjacke = Jackepullover, Strumpf hose≠Hosenstrumpf pref ix f ormation e.g. un-, nicht-, ge-, ... suf f ix f ormation e.g. -e, -heit, -los, ... word f ormation types af f ixation circumf ix f ormation e.g. ge-...-e Gesinge, un-...-ig unwillig derivation combination e.g. Geld+geben=Geldgeber conversion of words e.g. f angen-Fang, blicken-Blick, beginnen-Beginn; Heim- heim; Mail-mailen abbreviation e.g. Uni=Universität Introduce to Linguistics of German Connotation内涵 and denotation外延 The connotation does not ref er to the core meaning and the designation of a f act or object. 内涵不是指意义的核心和对事实或对象的指定。 The connotative meaning refers to the emotional connotations and semantic and stylistic nuances ref erred to in the linguistic sign. 内涵意义指的是语言符号中共同指定的 情感上的次要意义以及语义和风格上的细微差别。 The connote includes emotional and stylistic parts, secondary meaning and emotional value of the meaning of the sign. 内涵包括情感和风格的部分，符号意义的次要意义和情感价值。 The denotation is the conceptual content of the linguistic
参考：来源：APS德语语言学导论+专题.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语语言学导论+专题
APS欧洲文化导论
核心内容
French is descended f rom Western Romance languages. Greco-roman mythology had an important inf luence on the French language. When Caesar conquered Gaul, he instilled Latin and Roman culture into the people of Gaul. After the conquest of Rome, the people still spoke Gallic, but it was deeply influenced by ancient Greek and Roman mythology. Gradually, this language became the basis of Old French, which became the ancestor of modern French. France the Ancient Greek and Roman origins of French culture 法国文化的古希腊、古罗马渊源 Many of the architectural heritage of France originated f rom ancient Greece and Rome, such as the Square of Stars in the center of Paris, French relief s, Cupid statues and so on. The naming of many cultural relics and buildings in France also reflects the inf luence of ancient Greek and Roman culture. The Elysee Palace is an ancient building in Paris and the of f icial residence of the President of France. The word "Elysee" comes f rom the Greek and means "a happy land." The origins of f ado vary, f rom the dance of Portugal's f ormer colonies(葡萄牙当年的殖民地的舞蹈), to Portuguese f olk narrative songs(民间叙事歌曲), and to songs sung by Portuguese seamen(葡萄牙海员唱的歌曲). Fado was probably f ormed by a mixture of cultural f actors. Fado 法多 The singers of f ado (literally, "f ate") speak to the of ten harsh realities of everyday lif e, sometimes with a sense of resignation, sometimes with the hope of resolution. The music is performed by either a f emal
参考：来源：APS欧洲文化导论.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS欧洲文化导论
APS跨文化
核心内容
Introduction to intercultural communication Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people with dif f erent cultural backgrounds. DE: IKK(Interkulturelle Kommunikation) intercultural communication originated in USA and has a multidisciplinary nature(多学科性质). Its theories are mainly derived f rom anthropology(人类学), psychology, communication, linguistics and so on. It has a history of only about twenty years in China. Foreign scholars: Sharing, persuasion(说服) Chinese: the transmission and reception of inf ormation three levels of communication: interpersonal communication(人际交流), organizational communication(组织交流) and mass communication(大众传播) the concept of communication mode of communication 5W-Mode(American politician Lasswell): Who-says What-in What(Which) channel-to Whom-with What ef f ects coded message Schramm-Mode Sender Receiver verbal言语交际: e.g. (spoken)lexical medium; (written)同上 decoded message 4 communication modes nonverbal: f acial expressions; pictures paraverbal: pause; f ont design字体设计 extraverbal: time, place; paper quality Culture comes f rom the Latin "colere", which means to cultivate or maintain. nature artificial&natural the concept of culture distinguish concepts culture spiritual&material civilization Culture is not innate, but learned. characteristics of culture Culture is dynamic, and its f orm is associated with a certain historical period.动态 跨文化研究导论(案例分析) Introduce to Intercultural Communication(Case Analysis) individual
参考：来源：APS跨文化.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS跨文化
Advanced Oral German 高德口语
核心内容
overview: Geographic location and information Divided into Nanjing East Road and Nanjing West Road. The oldest commercial street in Shanghai. The most famous commercial street and tourist attractions. Presentation 1: Nanjing Road Attractions Traditional architecture and modern architecture---- fansiation Nanjing Road Walkway: walk along the Bund, a lot of neon light at night. Changjiang Hotel, where Jiang Jieshi and Song Meiling got married. Many century-old shoppingmall Soup dumpling Characteristic food Fresh meat mooncake Saute What is porcelain? Porcelain is made from various minerals. It surface is glazed and painted. The color of the porcelain various according to the temperature when they were made. Advanced Oral German 高德口语 Presentation 2: Chinese porcelain The history of porcelain. The prototype of porcelain is primitive celadon（原始 青瓷）from Shanxi Province 4200 years ago. Eastern Han Dynasty-----Celadon东汉青瓷 （23——220年） After the Eastern Han Dynasty, porcelain in the south was mainly blue, while that in the north was mainly white. In the Tang Dynasty, "Tri-colored glazed Pottery" appeared. The main colors were yellow, green and white. It is usually used for burial. In the Song Dynasty, porcelain work technology was fully mature. It was an important stage in the development of Chinese porcelain. Jingdezhen porcelain is famous all over the world. The Yuan Dynasty appeared blue and white porcelain and Youligong. Both are hard to make. During the Ming Dynasty, the quantity
参考：来源：Advanced Oral German 高德口语.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：Advanced Oral German 高德口语
Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I & II 中德跨文化桥梁课程 · Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I II 中德跨文化桥梁课程
核心内容
Just as the name of this course - Bruekenkurs Deutsch Chinese Lernform I&II, this course is like a bridge to connect Chinese and German culture. This course is prepared for students who come to Germany for study. It is intended to help new people adapt to German study and life as soon as possible. At the same time, the teacher will invite German students who are interested in Chinese culture to participate in this course every month to increase the communication between German students and Chinese students. Wie der Name dieses Kurses - Brückenkurs Deutsch Chinesische Lernform I&II - schon sagt, ist dieser Kurs wie eine Brücke, die die chinesische und deutsche Kultur verbindet. Dieser Kurs ist für chinesische Studenten gedacht, die zum Austausch und Studium nach Deutschland kommen. Er soll den neuen chinesischen Studenten helfen, sich so schnell wie möglich an das deutsche Studium und Leben anzupassen. Gleichzeitig lädt der Lehrer jeden Monat deutsche Studenten, die sich für die chinesische Kultur interessieren, zur Teilnahme an diesem Kurs ein, um die Kommunikation zwischen deutschen und chinesischen Studenten zu fördern. 正如这个课程的名称-Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I& II， 这门课就像连接中国和德国文化的 牵连。此课程是专门为前来德国交流学习的中国同学准备的，是为了让初来乍到的中国同学能尽快适应德国的学习和生活。每个月会邀请对中国文化感兴趣的德国同学参加，促进中德文化的交流。 课程背景 Period 1- excited:兴奋 People are very excited in this period, and think that everything is new and interesting. Periode 1- aufgeregt: Die Menschen in dieser Zeit werden in einem Zustand der Aufr
参考：来源：Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I II 中德跨文化桥梁课程.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I & II 中德跨文化桥梁课程
Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I & II 中德跨文化桥梁课程 · Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I II 中德跨文化桥梁课程（2）
核心内容
· 课程定位：Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I, II（中德跨文化桥梁课程），专为赴德交流的中国留学生设置，目标为尽快适应德国学习与生活；每班开设中国文化兴趣班，促进中德学生交流。
· Intercultural Trainings（跨文化训练）
· Cultural shock（文化冲击）三阶段模型
· Period 1: exciting（兴奋期）——处于兴奋状态，认为一切新鲜有趣。
· Period 2: disappointment / Enttäuschung（失望期）——须独立面对并解决语言、学习、人际等困难。
· Period 3: Learning Period / Academic（学习/适应期）——开始尝试融入新环境，出现三种情形：
· 完全适应（complete adaptation），重新回到兴奋状态；
· 克服失望，正常生活；
· 更加失望，无法继续国外生活。
· 帮助留学生快速度过 Cultural shock 的办法
· 不担心语言问题，尽量多与当地学校前辈、同学交流；
· 积极参与学校组织的活动，结交陌生朋友；
· 培养自己的爱好。
· 语境/文化理论
· Context（语境）：双方交流时的理解程度。Hall 提出“context”概念——与朋友交谈时双方的理解程度；例：向美国人讲中国诗，对方因缺乏文化背景与共同知识而无法理解，即语境不同。
· 高语境国家：表达不直接，有时需用隐喻或客体语言表达，因人们有相同文化背景、能理解彼此意思。例：中国。
· 低语境国家：说话更直接、更直接表达；受多样性人口与流动人口影响，文化共性少，故表达直接以便相互理解。例：美国。
· Hofstede's criteria for Cross-Cultural Management（海尔的文化管理标准）——资料仅提及名称，未展开具体维度。
· German learning（德语学习）
· 加强语言学习；人们常说学好一门语言最好去该国——是了解文化与语言的好途径。
· 活动
· 参观德国企业：PSB Intralogistics GmbH in Pirmasens——专注于设计、制造和提供物流自动化系统与解决方案的公司。
· 学校组织的“苹果集市”活动
· 以小组为单位举办，每班有自己的一小片区域，展示并售卖小组成员共同制作的手工小工艺品；
· 制作家乡美食拿到集市分享，吸引全校投票；
· 大奖输赢制度：得票最多的产品获学校颁发奖项；记录者所在小组获三等奖，奖品为印有学校校徽的马克杯。
参考：来源：Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I II 中德跨文化桥梁课程（2）.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I & II 中德跨文化桥梁课程
Cross Cultural Management跨文化管理
核心内容
1. 什么是跨文化管理？ Cross-cultural management refers to the management of people from different countries and cultures in global operations, especially in multinational company. Cross-cultural management bezieht sich auf das Management von Menschen aus verschiedenen Ländern und Kulturen in globalen Unternehmen, insbesondere in multinationalen Unternehmen. 跨文化管理是指在全球化经营中，尤其是跨国企业中，对来自不同国家和不同文化的人的管理。 文化差异是跨文化管理的前提。作为一个跨国企业，一定要注意这种文化差异。这样各个国家的分公司才会有更好的发展。 2. 为什么要进行跨文化管理？Warum ist Cross-cultural Management notwendig? Many employees of multinational companies come from all over the world. Because they have different cultural backgrounds, they will have differences in communication or work methods. At this time, the company needs to carry out cross-cultural management to solve these communication barriers, so that cooperation between colleagues can proceed smoothly. 现如今很多企业的员工都是来自五湖四海，世界各地，因为他们有着不一样的文化背景，所以在沟通或工作方式上会有差异，这个时候需要企业进行跨文化管理，有效的解决这些沟通障碍，让同事之间的合作和相处能够顺利进行。 应该学习和了解当地文化，借鉴好的文化融入到公司的管理中，而不是一成不变的延续 传统的/或公司总部的管理模式.然后变革管理能使公司更好的融入当地的文化，促进沟通和交流。这不仅将使全球商业企业适应不同国家的文化环境，而且还将大大增强其竞争优势。 变革管理 Change Management For the company's management personnel, try to select those with high skills and quality and high sensitivity to cultural differences as the top management personnel. The choice of low-level managers can be localized as much as possible, because local people have a deep understanding of local culture and are easy to be accepted by employees. At the same time, it also provides a road
参考：来源：Cross Cultural Management跨文化管理.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：Cross Cultural Management跨文化管理