专业知识库（按学科 / 专业 / 课程）
按学科门类筛选，可继续下钻到具体专业与课程；内容为各课程复习要点，用于面谈与笔试备考。
液压与气压传动 · 液压传动 复习提纲
核心内容
液压传动和控制：原理、工质、动力元件、执行元件、方向控制元件、压力控制元件、流量控制元件
参考：来源：液压传动.pdf｜专业：｜课程：液压与气压传动
无机及分析化学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is common properties of the solution. The second part is Chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium. And I think the most important part is the first part. The solution mainly have three properties. The first is the vapor pressure of the solution drops. The second is the boiling point of the solution rises. The last one is the freezing point of the solution decreases. The definition of the first is that The vapor pressure of solution must be lower than that of pure water. The second is that The boiling point of solution is always higher than that of pure solvent. The third is that the freezing point of solution must be lower than that of pure solvent. In the second part, chemical reaction rate is studying the concentration change of reactants or products in unit time. Chemical equilibrium is that under certain conditions, in a reversible reaction, the positive reaction rate and the reverse reaction rate are equal.
几个具体的无机反应
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is properties of solution. The second part is Chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium. And I think the most important part is the first part. Solution mainly have three properties. The first is the vapor pressure decreases. The second is the boiling point rises. The last one is the freezing point decreases. In the second part, chemical reaction rate is the concentration change of reactants or products in unit time.
The definition of the first one is that the vapor pressure of solution is lower than that of pure water. The second is that The boiling point of solution is higher than that of pure solution. The third is that the freezing point of solution is lower than that of pure solution.
Chemical equilibrium is that under certain conditions, in a reversible reaction, the positive reaction rate is equal to the reverse reaction rate.
Equilibrium /ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/
hydrogen chloride + sodium hydroxide = sodium chloride + water
Titration /taɪˈtreɪʃn/ 滴定 hydroxide /haɪˈdrɑːksaɪd / 氢氧化物
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：无机及分析化学
微观经济学
核心内容
基本假设：市场有效，能合理配置资源；研究个人与企业对有限资源的配置决策，及其对商品/服务供求与价格的反作用。核心内容：供求曲线、效用理论、生产成本、市场结构。
【1. 供求曲线（Supply and Demand Curve）】
· 需求（Demand）：消费者愿意且能够购买的商品。坐标系 X 轴为数量（quantity），Y 轴为价格（price）；需求曲线向下倾斜。
· 沿曲线移动（movement along）：仅由价格变化引起（P↑D↓）。
· 曲线平移（shift）：非价格因素变化（收入、偏好、互补品 complement goods、替代品 substitute goods、弹性）。
· 需求价格弹性（Price Elasticity of Demand, Ed）：
· Ed>1 奢侈品（luxury）：价格下降，需求大幅增加；
· Ed<1 生活必需品（necessities）：价格上升，需求略降；
· Ed=1 单位弹性（unitary elastic），如食用油；
· Ed=0 完全无弹性（perfect inelastic），如盐；
· Ed=∞ 完全弹性（perfect elastic），如电话卡、套餐。
· 供给（Supply）：企业、消费者、劳动者愿意向市场提供的数量；供给曲线向上倾斜。影响因素：产品价格（P↑S↑）、生产成本（C↑S↓）、生产技术（T↑C↓S↑）、生产者未来预期。
· 均衡（Equilibrium）：供求曲线交点，需求=供给，得均衡价格与均衡数量，此状态称市场出清（market clearing）。
【2. 效用理论（Utility Theory）】
· 效用（Utility）：消费产品时感受到的满意度；总效用（Total Utility）为效用总和；边际效用（Marginal Utility）为每增加一单位消费所增加的效用。
· 边际效用递减（Diminishing Marginal Utility）：随消费量增加，每单位带来的效用增量递减；完全吃饱时总效用最大、边际效用为零。
· 预算约束线（Budget Constraint Line）：给定收入与价格下，全部收入可负担的两种产品组合。
· 无差异曲线（Indifference Curve）：能给消费者相同效用水平的两种产品所有组合。
· 效用最大化（Utility Maximization）：无差异曲线与预算约束线的切点（tangency point）即最优产品组合。
· 相关概念：边际替代率（Marginal Rate of Substitution）、收入效应（Income Effect）、替代效应（Substitution Effect）。
【3. 成本（Cost）】
· 显性成本（Explicit Cost）：厂商在要素市场购买或租用他人生产要素的实际支出。
· 隐性成本（Implicit Cost）：使用自有要素的机会成本。
· 机会成本（Opportunity cost）：因未选择次优方案而放弃的收益。例：留学第一年花费 10000 RMB，工作可赚 5000 RMB，机会成本为 15000 RMB。
· 规模经济（Economies of scale）：单位生产成本随规模增加而下降。
· 范围经济（Economies of scope）：强调品种多样性（variety），多元化经营假设可实现范围经济。
【4. 市场结构（Market categories）】
比较维度：厂商数量、产品差异、价格控制、进入壁垒、信息、示例。
· 完全竞争（Perfect competition）：大量厂商；产品相同；无价格控制；无壁垒；信息充分；例：农产品。
· 垄断竞争（Monopolistic competition）：大量厂商；产品略有差异；有一点价格控制；较易进入；例：零售业。
· 寡头（Oligopoly）：少数几家厂商；产品相同或不同；有价格控制；难以进入；信息不对称；例：汽车/汽油。
参考：来源：GPT经济学专业APS 材料总结.rar｜专业：经济学｜课程：微观经济学｜原合并稿按课程拆分
1 劳动关系-重点-劳动经济学
核心内容
劳动经济学
The main content of labor economics can be divided into four parts: labor supply analysis, labor demand analysis, labors flow and income distribution gap.
Labor supply analysis
The analysis of labor supply is mainly influenced by three factors: the Population policy which determines the size of the labor force, the education which determines the quality of the workforce and the retirement policies which determine how long workers are willing to work. Its measurement mainly has two aspects, namely labor participation rate and working hours. There are four formulas for calculating the labor participation rate, which are: Participation rate = labor force/working-age population *100%、Age (sex) participation rate = labor force of certain age (sex)/population of that age (sex) *100%、Employment-population ratio = number of employed/working-age population *100% and unemployment rate = unemployed population/Labour rate *100%。The working time is divided into legal working time and actual working time。
Labor demand analysis
There are four factors affecting labor demand analysis, They are technology (the more developed the technology, the higher the demand), time, enterprise goals (the higher the target, the higher the demand) and social system (the recruitment intervention through macro-regulation). In terms of labor demand analysis, there is a very important theory that describes the elasticity of labor demand, called the Hicks-Marshall Derived demand theorem, and it says that th
参考：来源：1 劳动关系-重点-劳动经济学.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：1 劳动关系-重点-劳动经济学
有机化学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is Benzene, which is one of the most basic unit of aromatic compounds. The second part is Nitrogen compound. And I think the most important part is the benzene, I will mainly talk about it from three aspects - definition, physical properties and chemical properties. The definition of benzene is something whose molecular formula is C6H6 and its structure is a ring. The physical properties of benzene are colorless liquid, special smell and lighter than water. It is also certain toxic. The chemical properties are nitration and sulfation. Nitration is that benzene can react with nitric acid under certain conditions. Sulfation is that The hydrogen atom on the benzene ring can be substituted by sulfate group (- SO3H). In the second part, I will introduce a basic unit -Amine among Nitrogen compounds. Amine is widely distributed in nature, most of which is generated by the decomposition reaction of amino acids. Most of the major component materials of life are Nitrogen compounds, such as amino acid, protein and nucleic acid.
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is Benzene. The second part is Nitrogen compound. And I think the important part is the benzene, I will mainly talk about it from three aspects - definition, physical properties and chemical properties. The definition of benzene is something whose molecular formula is C6H6 and structure is a ring. The physical properties of benzene are colorless liquid, special smell and lighter than water. It is also certain toxic. The chemical properties are nitration and sulfation.In the second part, I will introduce a basic unit -Amine among Nitrogen compounds. Amine is widely in nature, most of which is generated by the decomposition reaction of amino acids. Major component materials of life are Nitrogen compounds, such as amino acid, protein and nucleic acid.
Nitration is that benzene can react with nitric acid under certain conditions. Sulfation is that the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring can be substituted by sulfate groups (- SO3H).
Benzene /ˈbenziːn/ 苯 Amine / əˈmin / 胺
amino / əˌmiːnoʊ / 氨基的
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：有机化学
管理学原理
核心内容
定义：管理包括规划（planning）、组织（organizing）、人员配备（staffing）、领导（leading/directing）和控制（controlling）一个组织，以实现目标。
【1. 决策分析方法】
· SWOT 分析：评估优势（Strengths）、劣势（Weaknesses）、机会（Opportunities）、威胁（Threats）。SW 分析内部条件，OT 分析外部条件。案例 Tech1：优势为积极性高、技术能力强的销售队伍；劣势为产品设计均超三年；机会为政府税收优惠；威胁为微型计算机制造商进入大型机市场；结果决定设计新模型。
· 头脑风暴法（Brainstorming）：鼓励独立思考与言论自由，不反驳、不批评。优点：产生更多新颖想法，利于创新；缺点：过于自由降低效率；对策：组织培训、提前通知。
· 德尔菲法（Delphi Method）：依赖专家小组（panel of experts）的结构化沟通技术；专家互不相识，问卷往返数次汇总反馈，以获得准确结果。
【2. 组织（Organizing）】
系统化过程：认识组织目标 → 工作专业化（specializing works）→ 划分部门 → 管理跨度（span of control）→ 职位权力（position power）→ 决定工作流程 → 调整。
· 组织结构：直线制（Pre-bureaucratic，适用于简单、小规模组织）；职能制（Functional，适合中小企业）；事业部制（Divisional，适合多元化、国际化大型组织）；矩阵制（Matrix，适合集中多专业人员攻关项目）。
【3. 领导（Leading）】
领导者影响并鼓励成员实现组织目标的过程（前提是有效沟通）。有效沟通方法：减少物理障碍、重新设计组织结构、提高员工满意度避免态度障碍（attitudinal barriers）、统一沟通语言、利用非正式组织。
· 领导特质理论（Trait theory of leadership）：领导者特质包括智力（intelligence）、尽责性（Conscientiousness）、经验开放性（Openness to Experience）、雄心（Ambitious）；观察方式：人格测试、无领导小组讨论、绩效评估。
【4. 激励理论（Motivating theories）】
· 马斯洛需求层次理论（Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs）：生理（physiological）、安全（safety）、归属与爱（belonging and love）、尊重（esteem）、自我实现（self-actualization）。对策分别为：提高工资与福利；健康保险、退休金；组织活动；公开表扬；挑战性工作。
· 双因素理论（Two-factor theory）：激励因素（Motivators，如认可、成就、成长）带来满意；保健因素（Hygiene factors，如工作条件、工资）缺失导致不满。做法：确保健因素，增加激励因素。
· X 理论与 Y 理论：X 型天生懒惰、逃避责任，需严格监督与惩罚；Y 型内在动机强、享受工作，需提高满意度、鼓励自主完成。
【5. 控制（Controlling）】
衡量并引导实际绩效对照标准。
参考：来源：GPT经济学专业APS 材料总结.rar｜专业：经济学｜课程：管理学原理｜原合并稿按课程拆分
10 劳动关系-重点-劳动社会学
核心内容
劳动社会学
注：这课没啥可说的，你把劳动社会化那个定义背下来给他绕晕了他就不会再问你这课了
Labor sociology is a branch of sociology, which focuses on the explanation of socialization, and its main content is divided into two parts: labor socialization and labor socialization
劳动社会化
Socialization of labor is a process in which isolated and narrow labor is transformed into a common labor that is closely connected with large-scale division of labor and cooperation. This process is divided into four stages, namely the simple cooperation stage based on manual labor, the handicraft stage based on manual labor, the machine and large industry stage, and the new technological revolution stage.
劳动者社会化
Worker socialization is the process of learning the necessary knowledge and skills, understanding and learning labor norms, and realizing role change. There are five main ways to socialize workers: family education, learning education, social education, network education and labor organization education
参考：来源：10 劳动关系-重点-劳动社会学.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：10 劳动关系-重点-劳动社会学
有机化学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments in organic chemistry. The most important of these is Extraction of caffeine from tea. Firstly, weigh 10 grams of tea and mill them. Next, put it into the extraction tube and add alcohol to the tube. Next, heat it for a while and then evaporate the excess alcohol. Pour the remaining liquid into an evaporating dish containing several grams of quicklime. Next, Heat it to powder. Next, continuous to heat the powder to get the Caffeine. There is another experiment called Extraction of natural pigment from spinach. Weigh 30 grams of spinach and mill them. Next, put the spinach into a small beaker. Next, add 30mL of prepared alcohol ether solution. Then put the mixture in the chromatographic column to get the pigment.
In this course, I did some experiments in organic chemistry. I will introduce one experiment called Extraction of caffeine from tea. Firstly, weigh 10 grams of tea and mill them. Next, put them into an extraction tube and add some alcohol. Next, heat it for some time and transfer the solution into an evaporating dish containing several grams of quicklime. At last, evaporate the dish to get the Caffeine.
There is another experiment called Extraction of pigment from spinach. Weigh 30 grams of spinach and mill them. Next, put them into a small beaker. Next, add 30mL of prepared alcohol ether solution. Next put the mixture into the chromatographic column to get the pigment.
Spinach /ˈspɪnɪtʃ/ 菠菜 quicklime / ˈkwɪklaɪm / 生石灰 alcohol ether / ˈiːθər / 醇醚，石油醚
evaporating dish 蒸发皿 extraction tube 萃取管
chromatographic column / kroʊˌmætəˈɡræfɪk / / ˈkɑːləm / 色谱柱 beaker 烧杯
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：有机化学实验
宏观经济学
核心内容
【1. GDP 与 GNP】
· GDP（国内生产总值）：一年内一国境内生产的所有最终商品与服务（final goods and services）市场价值的货币计量。公式：Y = C + I + G + NX（NX = X − M）。
· GNP（国民生产总值）：一国居民（residents）拥有的生产资料所生产的所有最终产品与服务总价值。GNP = GDP + 本国居民海外投资所得 − 外国居民在本国境内所得。按所有权（ownership）归属。
· 对比：GDP 按生产的地理位置界定，更易计算、更具国际可比性；GNP 按所有权所在地界定。例：德国公司在中国境内生产的产品计入中国 GDP、德国 GNP。
【2. 失业（Unemployment）】
· 失业率：劳动力中没有工作但正在寻找工作的人所占比例。
· 摩擦性失业（frictional）：寻找或转换工作期间耗时造成。
· 结构性失业（structural）：工人技能与雇主需求不匹配（mismatch），成因是新技术减少对低技能工人需求。
· 周期性失业（cyclical）：总供给不足，成因是岗位不足、经济衰退（recession）。
· 对策：扩张性货币政策（购买政府债券、降低现金储备率、降低再贴现率）；扩张性财政策（降低利率、增加政府投资）。
【3. 通货膨胀（Inflation）】
总体价格水平持续上升。类型：需求拉动型（demand-pull）、成本推动型（cost-push）、预期型（expected）。对策：增加供给、减少需求。
【4. 菲利普斯曲线（Phillips Curve）】
1958 年由 A.W. Phillips 提出，表示失业率与通胀率的替代（反向）关系。高失业率对应低通胀，低失业率对应高通胀；横轴 U 失业率，纵轴 G 通胀率，曲线向右下方倾斜。
【5. 政策（Policy）】
· 货币政策（monetary policy）：货币当局控制货币总量。宽松（positive）用于对抗失业；紧缩（tighten）用于减缓通胀。三大工具：公开市场操作（open market operation，买入增加货币供给）、法定现金储备率（降低→增加货币供给）、再贴现率（Rediscount rate，提高→减少货币供给）。
· 财政策（fiscal policy）：运用政府税收与支出。扩张性用于衰退（降低税率、增加公共支出）；紧缩性用于过热（提高税率、减少公共支出）。区别：财政策由行政部门执行，货币政策由中央银行执行。
【6. IS-LM 模型】
描述产品市场与货币市场相互联系。均衡条件：I(r)=S(Y)（IS 曲线，斜率为负）与 M/P=L1(Y)+L2(r)（LM 曲线，斜率为正）。交点反映两市场同时均衡的利率与收入水平。
【7. 基尼系数与财政策目标】
· 基尼系数（Gini coefficient）：据洛伦兹曲线（Lorenz curve）衡量收入分配公平性，1943 年由 Albert Hirschman 提出；取值 0（完全平等）至 1（完全不平等）；0.4 为警戒线。公式：基尼指数 = 绝对平等线与洛伦兹曲线间封闭面积 ÷ 对角线与正方形围成三角形面积。
· 财政策目标：经济增长、稳定价格、国际收支平衡、充分就业、合理收入分配。
· 拉弗曲线（Laffer curve）：税率与政府收入关系；0% 与 100% 税率下收入均为零，中间某税率使收入最大化。
· 公共财政三大职能：资源有效配置、收入分配、宏观经济稳定。
· 税收特征：强制性、稳定性、无偿性；三大目的：收入、再分配、重新定价（如烟草税、碳税）。
· 财政风险指标：赤字率 = 赤字/GDP ≤ 3%；负债率 = 国债余额/GDP ≤ 60%。
参考：来源：GPT经济学专业APS 材料总结.rar｜专业：经济学｜课程：宏观经济学｜原合并稿按课程拆分
11劳动关系-重点-劳动关系研究方法
核心内容
劳动关系研究方法
Research methods of Labor relations is a practical theoretical course, which mainly teaches the process of research related steps, including the design, distribution, recovery of questionnaires and data analysis. Since the teaching of data analysis is related to the operation of spss, it cannot be explained in detail here, so I will introduce the relevant principles and requirements of data collection
访谈调查
The role of interview survey requires neutrality. It is necessary to ensure that there is no influence on the answers of the questionnaire, otherwise the authenticity of the data will be lost. In the aspect of skills can be through the way of in-depth questioning, to get a comprehensive answer on those ambiguous answers. There are five principles to pay attention to in interview investigation: Look and behave appropriately、Familiarity questionnaire、Follow the wording of the questionnaire、Record answers accurately and ask questions in depth，only by following these five principles can we ensure the significance of interview research
问卷设计的注意事项
The other part is the points for attention in the questionnaire design, which are as follows: the form should conform to the research plan, the questions should be clear and accurate, one question should only ask one thing, the respondents should be competent in the answers, the respondents should answer the reasons, the questions should be pertinent, the questions should be short, the negative questions should be avoided as far
参考：来源：11劳动关系-重点-劳动关系研究方法.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：11劳动关系-重点-劳动关系研究方法
生物化学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've learned three parts. The first part is protein. The second part is Nucleic acid. The last one is Enzyme. And I think the most important part is the first part, which are mainly about two aspects of the protein. One aspect is amino acid, which is the basic unit of the protein molecule. Another is physicochemical properties of protein. Protein has two properties. The first is that protein can absorb ultraviolet. The second is that protein can lose activity due to destroying its specific spatial structure by some ways such as heating. The next part is nucleic acid. We can divide nucleic acids into two categories, DNA and RNA. DNA plays a role as the carrier of genetic information. RNA which is produced by transcribing DNA can provide templates for protein synthesis. The third part is enzyme. Enzyme is a biocatalyst, which is also a protein. It is produced by living cells. It has high catalytic efficiency and high substrate specificity. Enzyme can increase chemical reactions rate in living organisms.
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is protein. The second part is Nucleic acid. And I think the most important part is the first part. I will mainly talk about it from two aspects. One is amino acid. Another is properties of protein. Amino acid is the basic unit of the protein. Protein has two properties. The first is that protein can absorb ultraviolet. The second is that protein can lose activity due to destroying its specific spatial structure by some ways such as heating. The second part is nucleic acid. We can divide nucleic acid into two categories, DNA and RNA. DNA plays a role as the carrier of genetic information. RNA is produced by transcribing DNA. It provides templates for protein synthesis.
The third part is enzyme. Enzyme is a biocatalyst, which is also protein. It is produced by living cells and has high catalytic efficiency and high substrate specificity. Enzyme can increase chemical reaction rate in living organisms.
Ultraviolet /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt / 紫外线 enzyme / ˈenzaɪm / 酶
Catalytic /ˌkætəˈlɪtɪk / 催化的
DNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid / diˌɑːksiˌraɪboʊnuːˈkleɪɪk / enzyme / ˈenzaɪm / biocatalyst / ˌbaɪoˈkætəlɪst /
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：生物化学
会计学
核心内容
定义：对某一主体财务记录（financial records）的保存或编制，包括分析、验证与报告。
【1. 基本要素】
· 资产（Assets）：可转换为现金的所有权价值。
· 负债（Liabilities）：公司欠外部组织或个人的款项，由过去交易产生的现时义务。
· 权益（Equity）：财产中所有权利益的价值，包括股东权益。
· 收入（Revenue）：正常经营活动所得。
· 费用（Expenses）：货币流出。
· 利润（Profits）：Revenue − Cost = Profits。
【2. 会计等式与记账】
· 会计等式：Assets = Liabilities + Equity。每笔交易至少影响两个账户，等式始终平衡。
· 复式簿记（Double Entry Bookkeeping）：一个账户的每个分录需一个方向相反的分录；借方总额等于贷方总额。
【3. 会计确认基础】
· 现金收付实现制（Cash Basis）：以现金收付时间为准。
· 权责发生制（Accrual Basis）：以实际影响期为准。
· 例：5 月销售 $50,000，已收 $30,000，未收 $20,000；收上月劳动收入 $500；预付下月房租 $1,500。Cash basis：收入 $30,500，费用 $1,500；Accrual basis：收入 $50,000，费用 $0。
【4. 折扣（Discount）】
· 贸易折扣（Trade Discount）：按折扣价入账。
· 现金折扣（Cash Discount）：属财务费用，不能从销售额中扣除。例：赊销 $100,000，条件 2/10, 1/20, N/30，税 17%：销售时 Dr Account Receivable 117000；10 天内付款 Dr Cash 115000、Dr Financial Cost 2000；20 天内付款 Dr Cash 116000、Dr Financial Cost 1000；超 20 天无折扣。
参考：来源：GPT经济学专业APS 材料总结.rar｜专业：经济学｜课程：会计学｜原合并稿按课程拆分
12 劳动关系-重点-劳资沟通与协商策略实训
核心内容
collective bargaining taught me the knowledge of the negotiation, include the course and the influence factor.
Course (main content)
A complete negotiation includes preparation, beginning, formal negotiation and end.
In the first step, we should identify all problems to make sure which part can be used in the formal negotiation. And then, we should sort the problems that we identified (Necessary, important, desired and inessential). Before that, we should planning successful standards (Satisfy interest demand, Sign a written collective contract).
In the second step, the negotiating parties will meet each other in an informal situation. They will take this opportunity to exchange views (Common technique: POET partial/ open/ truthful/ exchange). It's also an opportunity to show the gestures (for example, we could vent the emotion to show our attitude.).
The third step is the formal negotiation. There are two different types of it. The first one is distribution negotiation, which means bargaining with other people, for example, a couple wanted to buy a painting priced at $15,000. They offered the artist $7,000 and bought it for $10,000. The other one is collective bargaining, whose purpose is to seek common interests, for example, both sisters want an orange, the elder sister needs the pulp to make juice; the little sister wants the peel for a cake. They explained their needs to each other, and eventually both of them got what they needed.
The fourth step is the end of the negot
参考：来源：12 劳动关系-重点-劳资沟通与协商策略实训.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：12 劳动关系-重点-劳资沟通与协商策略实训
动物学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
Zoology is the study of morphological structure, classification, relationship between life activities and the environment, and the laws of development of various animals. There are five basic characteristics of living things. First, they have a common material and a structural basis: material basis is protein and nucleic acid; structural basis is cell. Second, they all have metabolism. Third, they all have growth, development and reproduction. Forth, they all have genetic and mutational characteristics. Fifth, they all adapt to certain environments. I will introduce some typical animal species. The first is Protozoa such as algae and paramecium. They themselves are a single cell. The second is Mollusca such as snail and octopus. They are all soft and unsegmented. The third is Pisces such as fish. Note that whales and dolphins are not belong to Pisces. They are all vertebrates. They breathe by their gills and move by their fins. The last is Mammal such as dog, cat and human. Most mammals grow hair and have a constant body temperature. They are all viviparous and have the ability of lactation.
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is the basic characteristics of living organisms. The second part is two typical animal categories. In the first part, there are three basic characteristics of living organisms. First, they have a common material basis and structural basis: material basis is protein and nucleic acid; structural basis is cell. Second, they all have metabolism. Third, they all have growth, development and reproduction. In the part two, I will introduce two typical animal categories. The first is Pisces such as various fish. They breathe by gills and move by fins. The second is Mammal such as dog, cat and human. Most mammals grow hair and have a constant body temperature. They are all viviparous and have the ability of lactation.
Protozoa such as algae. They themselves are a single cell. Mollusca such as snail and octopus. They are all soft and unsegmented.
Mollusca /ˈmɒlʌskə / 软体动物门 Protozoa /proʊtəˈzoʊə / 原生动物门
Pisces /ˈpaɪsi:z/ 鱼纲 viviparous / vɪˈvɪpərəs / 胎生的
lactation / lækˈteɪʃ(ə)n / 哺乳
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：动物学
市场营销
核心内容
定义：创造、传播、传递和交换产品，为顾客、合作伙伴及社会带来经济价值的活动、过程和体系。
【1. 市场信息收集】
原始数据方法：观察法、实验法、调查法、专家估计法。二手来源：企业内部信息系统、经销商/广告机构/行业协会、政府与商业出版物、专业营销信息公司。
【2. 营销组合】
· 4P：Product、Price、Place、Promotion（可控因素）。
· 6P 大市场营销（Mega marketing）：4P + Power（权力）、Public Relations（公共关系），打破贸易壁垒。
· 服务营销 7P：4P +
参考：来源：GPT经济学专业APS 材料总结.rar｜专业：经济学｜课程：市场营销｜原合并稿按课程拆分