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按学科门类筛选，可继续下钻到具体专业与课程；内容为各课程复习要点，用于面谈与笔试备考。
无机及分析化学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is common properties of the solution. The second part is Chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium. And I think the most important part is the first part. The solution mainly have three properties. The first is the vapor pressure of the solution drops. The second is the boiling point of the solution rises. The last one is the freezing point of the solution decreases. The definition of the first is that The vapor pressure of solution must be lower than that of pure water. The second is that The boiling point of solution is always higher than that of pure solvent. The third is that the freezing point of solution must be lower than that of pure solvent. In the second part, chemical reaction rate is studying the concentration change of reactants or products in unit time. Chemical equilibrium is that under certain conditions, in a reversible reaction, the positive reaction rate and the reverse reaction rate are equal.
几个具体的无机反应
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is properties of solution. The second part is Chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium. And I think the most important part is the first part. Solution mainly have three properties. The first is the vapor pressure decreases. The second is the boiling point rises. The last one is the freezing point decreases. In the second part, chemical reaction rate is the concentration change of reactants or products in unit time.
The definition of the first one is that the vapor pressure of solution is lower than that of pure water. The second is that The boiling point of solution is higher than that of pure solution. The third is that the freezing point of solution is lower than that of pure solution.
Chemical equilibrium is that under certain conditions, in a reversible reaction, the positive reaction rate is equal to the reverse reaction rate.
Equilibrium /ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/
hydrogen chloride + sodium hydroxide = sodium chloride + water
Titration /taɪˈtreɪʃn/ 滴定 hydroxide /haɪˈdrɑːksaɪd / 氢氧化物
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：无机及分析化学
有机化学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is Benzene, which is one of the most basic unit of aromatic compounds. The second part is Nitrogen compound. And I think the most important part is the benzene, I will mainly talk about it from three aspects - definition, physical properties and chemical properties. The definition of benzene is something whose molecular formula is C6H6 and its structure is a ring. The physical properties of benzene are colorless liquid, special smell and lighter than water. It is also certain toxic. The chemical properties are nitration and sulfation. Nitration is that benzene can react with nitric acid under certain conditions. Sulfation is that The hydrogen atom on the benzene ring can be substituted by sulfate group (- SO3H). In the second part, I will introduce a basic unit -Amine among Nitrogen compounds. Amine is widely distributed in nature, most of which is generated by the decomposition reaction of amino acids. Most of the major component materials of life are Nitrogen compounds, such as amino acid, protein and nucleic acid.
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is Benzene. The second part is Nitrogen compound. And I think the important part is the benzene, I will mainly talk about it from three aspects - definition, physical properties and chemical properties. The definition of benzene is something whose molecular formula is C6H6 and structure is a ring. The physical properties of benzene are colorless liquid, special smell and lighter than water. It is also certain toxic. The chemical properties are nitration and sulfation.In the second part, I will introduce a basic unit -Amine among Nitrogen compounds. Amine is widely in nature, most of which is generated by the decomposition reaction of amino acids. Major component materials of life are Nitrogen compounds, such as amino acid, protein and nucleic acid.
Nitration is that benzene can react with nitric acid under certain conditions. Sulfation is that the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring can be substituted by sulfate groups (- SO3H).
Benzene /ˈbenziːn/ 苯 Amine / əˈmin / 胺
amino / əˌmiːnoʊ / 氨基的
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：有机化学
有机化学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments in organic chemistry. The most important of these is Extraction of caffeine from tea. Firstly, weigh 10 grams of tea and mill them. Next, put it into the extraction tube and add alcohol to the tube. Next, heat it for a while and then evaporate the excess alcohol. Pour the remaining liquid into an evaporating dish containing several grams of quicklime. Next, Heat it to powder. Next, continuous to heat the powder to get the Caffeine. There is another experiment called Extraction of natural pigment from spinach. Weigh 30 grams of spinach and mill them. Next, put the spinach into a small beaker. Next, add 30mL of prepared alcohol ether solution. Then put the mixture in the chromatographic column to get the pigment.
In this course, I did some experiments in organic chemistry. I will introduce one experiment called Extraction of caffeine from tea. Firstly, weigh 10 grams of tea and mill them. Next, put them into an extraction tube and add some alcohol. Next, heat it for some time and transfer the solution into an evaporating dish containing several grams of quicklime. At last, evaporate the dish to get the Caffeine.
There is another experiment called Extraction of pigment from spinach. Weigh 30 grams of spinach and mill them. Next, put them into a small beaker. Next, add 30mL of prepared alcohol ether solution. Next put the mixture into the chromatographic column to get the pigment.
Spinach /ˈspɪnɪtʃ/ 菠菜 quicklime / ˈkwɪklaɪm / 生石灰 alcohol ether / ˈiːθər / 醇醚，石油醚
evaporating dish 蒸发皿 extraction tube 萃取管
chromatographic column / kroʊˌmætəˈɡræfɪk / / ˈkɑːləm / 色谱柱 beaker 烧杯
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：有机化学实验
生物化学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've learned three parts. The first part is protein. The second part is Nucleic acid. The last one is Enzyme. And I think the most important part is the first part, which are mainly about two aspects of the protein. One aspect is amino acid, which is the basic unit of the protein molecule. Another is physicochemical properties of protein. Protein has two properties. The first is that protein can absorb ultraviolet. The second is that protein can lose activity due to destroying its specific spatial structure by some ways such as heating. The next part is nucleic acid. We can divide nucleic acids into two categories, DNA and RNA. DNA plays a role as the carrier of genetic information. RNA which is produced by transcribing DNA can provide templates for protein synthesis. The third part is enzyme. Enzyme is a biocatalyst, which is also a protein. It is produced by living cells. It has high catalytic efficiency and high substrate specificity. Enzyme can increase chemical reactions rate in living organisms.
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is protein. The second part is Nucleic acid. And I think the most important part is the first part. I will mainly talk about it from two aspects. One is amino acid. Another is properties of protein. Amino acid is the basic unit of the protein. Protein has two properties. The first is that protein can absorb ultraviolet. The second is that protein can lose activity due to destroying its specific spatial structure by some ways such as heating. The second part is nucleic acid. We can divide nucleic acid into two categories, DNA and RNA. DNA plays a role as the carrier of genetic information. RNA is produced by transcribing DNA. It provides templates for protein synthesis.
The third part is enzyme. Enzyme is a biocatalyst, which is also protein. It is produced by living cells and has high catalytic efficiency and high substrate specificity. Enzyme can increase chemical reaction rate in living organisms.
Ultraviolet /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt / 紫外线 enzyme / ˈenzaɪm / 酶
Catalytic /ˌkætəˈlɪtɪk / 催化的
DNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid / diˌɑːksiˌraɪboʊnuːˈkleɪɪk / enzyme / ˈenzaɪm / biocatalyst / ˌbaɪoˈkætəlɪst /
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：生物化学
动物学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
Zoology is the study of morphological structure, classification, relationship between life activities and the environment, and the laws of development of various animals. There are five basic characteristics of living things. First, they have a common material and a structural basis: material basis is protein and nucleic acid; structural basis is cell. Second, they all have metabolism. Third, they all have growth, development and reproduction. Forth, they all have genetic and mutational characteristics. Fifth, they all adapt to certain environments. I will introduce some typical animal species. The first is Protozoa such as algae and paramecium. They themselves are a single cell. The second is Mollusca such as snail and octopus. They are all soft and unsegmented. The third is Pisces such as fish. Note that whales and dolphins are not belong to Pisces. They are all vertebrates. They breathe by their gills and move by their fins. The last is Mammal such as dog, cat and human. Most mammals grow hair and have a constant body temperature. They are all viviparous and have the ability of lactation.
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is the basic characteristics of living organisms. The second part is two typical animal categories. In the first part, there are three basic characteristics of living organisms. First, they have a common material basis and structural basis: material basis is protein and nucleic acid; structural basis is cell. Second, they all have metabolism. Third, they all have growth, development and reproduction. In the part two, I will introduce two typical animal categories. The first is Pisces such as various fish. They breathe by gills and move by fins. The second is Mammal such as dog, cat and human. Most mammals grow hair and have a constant body temperature. They are all viviparous and have the ability of lactation.
Protozoa such as algae. They themselves are a single cell. Mollusca such as snail and octopus. They are all soft and unsegmented.
Mollusca /ˈmɒlʌskə / 软体动物门 Protozoa /proʊtəˈzoʊə / 原生动物门
Pisces /ˈpaɪsi:z/ 鱼纲 viviparous / vɪˈvɪpərəs / 胎生的
lactation / lækˈteɪʃ(ə)n / 哺乳
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：动物学
动物学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn zoology better. I will talk about two experiments. The first is the use and maintenance of the microscope. The use of the microscope is as follows. First, put the microscope on the laboratory table. Second, turn on the light source and the power. Third, put the prepared slide onto the stage. Forth, use a low-power objective to find the target, and then use a low-power objective to observe it. Fifth, record data with one eye while observe with another eye. After finishing the experiment, we should wipe the eyepiece and objective lens clean with lens paper. Then store the microscope carefully. The second experiment is how to make mouse specimen. First, skin the mouse with a scalpel carefully. Second, smear preservative to the inside of the epidermis. Third, Insert iron wire into the mouse body to fix and support the epidermis. Forth, Fill the mouse epidermis with cotton. At last fix the specimen onto a wooden board and store it in a cool and dry place.
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn zoology better. I will introduce one experiment called how to use microscope. The normal steps are as follows. First, put the microscope on the lab table. Then, turn on the light source and the power. Next, put the prepared slide onto the stage. Next, use a low-power objective to find the target, and then use a high-power objective to observe it. Next, record data with one eye while observe the target with another eye. After finishing the experiment, we clean the eye lens and objective lens with lens paper. And store the microscope carefully.
The second experiment is how to make mouse specimen. First, skin the mouse. Next, smear the preservative to the inside of the mouse skin. Next, insert iron wire into the mouse body to fix and support the mouse skin. Next, fill the mouse body with cotton. At last fix the specimen onto a wooden board and place it in a cool and dry place.
Epidermis / ˌepɪˈdɜːrmɪs / 表皮
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：动物学实验
动植物野外实习（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
I will introduce this course in two aspects, botany and zoology. In botany, I have learned how to make plant specimens. First, find a complete plant and dig it out. Then clean the plant’s surface carefully. Second, flatten the plant between two pieces of newspaper. Flatten and dry it. Third, paste the dried plant specimen onto a new white paper and write the plant name and some other information on the lower right corner of the paper. In zoology, I have learned how to make mouse samples. First, skin the mouse with a scalpel carefully. Second, smear preservative to the inside of the epidermis. Third, Insert iron wire into the mouse body to fix and support the epidermis. Forth, Fill the mouse epidermis with cotton. At last fix the specimen onto a wooden board and store it in a cool and dry place.
I will introduce this course in two aspects, botany and zoology. In botany, I have learned how to make plant specimen. First, find a complete plant. Then clean the plant’s surface carefully. Next, flatten the plant between two pieces of newspapers and air dry the plant. At last, paste the plant onto a new white paper and write the plant’s name and some other information on the paper. In zoology, I have learned how to make mouse specimen. First, skin the mouse. Next, smear the preservative to the inside of the mouse skin. Next, insert iron wire into the mouse body to fix and support the mouse skin. Next, fill the mouse body with cotton. At last fix the specimen onto a wooden board and place it in a cool and dry place.
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：动植物野外实习
细胞生物学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
Cell biology is the discipline that studies the structure and basic activity functions of cells. Cells have five basic functions. First, intake and utilization of energy. Second, perform metabolic activities. Third, respond to external signals. Forth, replicate and express genetic information. Fifth, cells are capable of mechanical movement. I will mainly introduce composition of eukaryotic cells. First, the nucleus, this is the main site for storing, replicating, and transcribing cellular genetic information. Second, mitochondria, this is the main place where cells carry out aerobic respiration(make energy). Third, Endoplasmic reticulum, this is the main place where cells synthesize proteins. Forth, chloroplast, this is a unique organelle of plant cells which can produce energy. Fifth, centrosome, this is a unique organelle of animal cells which is related to mitosis.
Eukaryotic cell: The Eukaryotic cell is large with complete organelles and can undergo mitosis.
In this course, I've learned two parts - basic functions of cells and composition of cells. Cells have five basic functions. First, intake and utilization of energy. Second, perform metabolic activities. Third, respond to external signals. Forth, replicate and express genetic information. Fifth, cells are capable of mechanical movement. In the part two, cells are mainly composed of four sections. First, the nucleus, this is the main place for storing, replicating, and transcribing cellular genetic information. Second, ribosome, this is the main place where cells synthesize proteins. Third, mitochondria, this is the main place where cells carry out aerobic respiration(make energy). Forth, chloroplast, this is a unique organelle of plant cells which can produce energy by absorbing light.
metabolic / ˌmetəˈbɑːlɪk / 新陈代谢的 nucleus /ˈnu:kliəs / 细胞核
ribosome / ˈraɪbəsoʊm / 核糖体
mitochondria /ˌmaɪtoˈkɑndrɪr / 线粒体 aerobic / eˈroʊbɪk / 有氧的 chloroplast/ˈklɔ:rəplæst / 叶绿体 organelle /ˌɔ:rɡəˈnel/ 细胞器
eukaryotic / ju:keriˈɑ:tɪk / 真核的 endoplasmic /ˈendoʊˌplæzmɪk/ 内质的
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：细胞生物学
细胞生物学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn cell biology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is the observation on endothelial cells of onion. First, carefully tear a piece of inner epidermis of onion and put it on a slide. Then add 2 drops of iodine solution. After waiting for 5-10 minutes, cover the cover clip. At last, put the slide on a microscope to observe. The second experiment is the Isolation and the observation of chloroplast. Weigh some fresh spinach. Add a little NaCl(sodium chloride) solution and mill them. Then suck a little solution on the slide with a dropper. At last put the slide on a microscope to observe.
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn cell biology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is the observation of onion cells. First, carefully tear a piece of inner epidermis of onion and put it on a slide. Then add 2 drops of iodine solution. After waiting for 5-10 minutes, cover the cover clip. At last, put the slide on a microscope to observe. The second experiment is the Isolation and observation of chloroplast. First, weigh some fresh spinach. Then, add a little NaCl(sodium chloride) solution and mill them. Next, suck a little mixed solution onto the slide with a dropper. At last put the slide on a microscope to observe.
Epidermis /ˌepɪˈdɜːrmɪs / 表皮 Iodine / ˈaɪədaɪn / 碘液
Dropper 滴管
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：细胞生物学实验
遗传学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
Genetics is the science that studies the laws of heredity and variation in organisms. In this course i will mainly talk about it from three aspects. This first is the Mendel's law of inheritance. The second is chromosome. The third is DNA. And I think the most important part is DNA. DNA carries the necessary genetic information for the synthesis of RNA and proteins, and it is an essential biological macromolecule for the development and normal operation of organisms. The structure of DNA is divided into three levels. The primary structure refers to the connection and order of four kinds of nucleotides. The secondary structure is DNA double helix structure. The tertiary structure is that DNA is further folded and compressed based on DNA double helix structure. DNA have two biological functions. First, cells can replicate genetic information by DNA replication. Second, In the genome, genetic information is stored in DNA sequences called genes. Through transcription, genetic information is copied into mRNA, which is used as a template for protein synthesis by translation. DNA is mainly used in DNA sequencing and genetic engineering. The next section is chromosome, which is a specific form of DNA during cell mitosis or meiosis. The last section is Mendel's law of inheritance, which is the law of gene segregation, the law of free combination of genes, and the law of gene linkage.
DNA is DeoxyriboNucleic Acid / diˌɑːksiˌraɪboʊnuːˈkleɪɪk /
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first is chromosome. The second is DNA. And I think the most important part is DNA. DNA carries the genetic information for the synthesis of RNA and proteins, and it is an essential biological macromolecule for the normal operation and development of organisms. The structure of DNA is divided into three levels. The primary structure refers to the connection and order of four kinds of nucleotides. The secondary structure is DNA double helix structure. The tertiary structure is that DNA is further folded and compressed. DNA have two biological functions. First, cells can replicate genetic information by DNA replication. Second, In the genome, genetic information is stored in DNA sequences called genes. DNA is mainly used in DNA sequencing and genetic engineering. The second part is chromosome, which is a specific form of DNA during cell mitosis.
Through transcription, genetic information is copied into mRNA, which is used as the template for protein synthesis by translation.
Nucleotide /ˈnu:kliətaɪd / 核苷酸 helix /ˈhi:lɪks / 螺旋结构
Tertiary /ˈtɜ:rʃəri / 第三级的 genome /ˈdʒi:noʊm / 基因组
Mitosis / maɪˈtoʊsɪs / 有丝分裂
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：遗传学
遗传学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn cell biology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is the Fruit Flies Hybridization Experiment. First, select each of 10 female fruit flies with red eyes and 10 male fruit flies with white eyes and place in a culture flask as parents P. Second, put the culture flask into a 25 ℃ incubator for cultivation. Third, after 6-7 days, the larvae of the offspring F1 can be seen, and remove the parent adults. Forth, after 4-5 days, observe the characteristics of the offspring F1. Fifth, Select 10 pairs of F1 and transfer them to a new culture flask to continue to cultivate. Sixth, Repeat once step 3 and 4 to obtain the offspring F2, observe the characteristics, and calculate the proportion of various characteristics of F2. We can obtain the experimental result that the ratio of red eye female fruit flies, red eye male fruit flies, and white eye male fruit flies is 2:1:1. The second experiment is the Doubling and identification of plant chromosomes. First, germinate the seeds. Second, treat the seeds with colchicine. Third, fix the root tips with fixative for 6 hours and then discard the fixative. Forth, add 1mol/L hydrochloric acid at 60 ℃ to the the root tips and dissociate them in a 60 ℃ water bath for 15min. Discard hydrochloric acid and clean the root tips with clean water. Make temporary slides for the root tips. At last carefully observe polyploid cells under a microscope.
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn Genetics better. I will mainly introduce one experiment called Fruit Flies Hybridization Experiment. First, select 10 female fruit flies with red eyes and 10 male fruit flies with white eyes and put them into a culture flask as parents P. Next, put the culture flask into a 25 ℃ incubator. Next, after 7 days, the larvae of the offspring F1 can be seen, and remove the parent adults. Next, after 5 days, observe the characteristics of the offspring F1. Next, select 10 pairs of F1 and transfer them to a new culture flask to cultivate them. Next, repeat once step 3 and 4 to get the offspring F2, then calculate the proportion of each characteristic of F2.
We can get the experimental result that the ratio of red eye female fruit flies, red eye male fruit flies, and white eye male fruit flies is 2:1:1.
Hybridization /ˌhaɪbrɪdaɪˈzeɪʃn / 杂交 larvae /ˈlɑ:rvi: / 幼虫 larva复数
culture flask 培养瓶 incubator 恒温箱
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：遗传学实验
微生物学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've mainly learned three parts: bacteria, fungi, and virus. In the first part, i will introduce bacteria. Bacteria are a class of prokaryotic microorganism. They are short and thin, with a simple structure. Their reproductive mode is binary fission. Bacteria normally consist of cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear region. They also have some special structure such as flagella, spore. The colony of bacteria is a group of daughter cells with certain special structural characteristics on the surface of a solid culture medium centered on mother cells. The second part is fungi. Fungi are a class of eukaryotic microorganism with the nucleus covered by nuclear membrane such as yeast, mold, and mushroom. Fungi are capable of mitosis. They also have some special organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. Yeasts are an important microbial resource. Yeasts are mostly distributed in sugary environments. It is the first "domesticated microorganism" for humans. The third part is viruses. Viruses are a kind of non cellular organism. viruses are very small and have simple composition. They are so small that we can only observe them by using the electron microscope. The main components of viruses are only nucleic acid and protein. Further more each virus only contains one kind of nucleic acid: DNA or RNA. Viruses can only synthesize their own nucleic acids and proteins in host cells.Microorganisms are mainly used in agriculture and food industry fields. For example, we can produce microbial fertilizers and do some biological fermentation.
Cell wall: The tough outer covering located at the outermost part of a cell, which can immobilize the cell
Cell membrane: A semipermeable membrane that adheres closely to the inner side of the cell wall and surrounds the cytoplasm. It can selectively control nutrients and metabolites inside and outside the cell.
Cytoplasm: The assembly of substances surrounded by a cell membrane other than the nuclear region
Nuclear region: The unique primitive nucleus of prokaryotes without nuclear envelope and fixed morphology
Special structure: flagella, spores
Flagella: One to dozens of long filamentous appendages attached to the surface of certain bacterial cells, with a "moving organ" that promotes bacteria.
Spores: Some bacteria form dormant bodies with extremely low water content and strong resistance to stress in their cells during their later stages of growth and development.
In this course, I've mainly learned three parts: bacteria, fungi, and virus. In the first part, bacteria are a kind of prokaryotic microorganism. They are short and thin with a simple structure. Bacteria consist of cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear region. They also have some special structure such as flagella. The second part is fungi. Fungi are a kind of eukaryotic microorganism such as yeast and mushroom. Their reproductive mode is mitosis. They have some special organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast. The third part is virus. Virus is a kind of non cellular organism. Virus is so small that we can only observe it by using the electron microscope. The components of virus are only nucleic acid and protein. Further more, each virus only contains one kind of nucleic acid: DNA or RNA. Virus can only synthesize its own nucleic acids and proteins in host cells.
Yeast is an important microbial resource. Yeast is mostly distributed in sugary environment. It is the first "domesticated microorganism" for humans.
Prokaryotic / proʊkeriˈɑːtɪk / 原核的 cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtoʊplæzəm / 细胞质
Flagella / fləˈdʒelə / 鞭毛 fungi /ˈfʌŋɡiː / 真菌
Eukaryotic / juːkeriˈɑːtɪk / 真核的 organelle /ˌɔ:rɡəˈnel/ 细胞器
prokaryotic binary fission
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：微生物学
微生物学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn microbiology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is how to make beef extract peptone medium. First, Accurately weigh beef extract, peptone, and NaCl(sodium chloride) according to the proportion of the medium formula and put them in a beaker. Second, add little water and heal it with stirring constantly. Third, adjust the pH value to 7.6. Forth, sterilize for 20min by high pressure steam sterilization. At last, cool down the culture medium to 50 degrees Celsius. The second experiment is the isolation and purification of microorganisms. First, take little soil 5 to 10 centimeters below the surface and put it in a sterile bag. Second, under the sterile condition, add 1 gram of soil into a bottle with 99 milliliter sterile water, and shake well to make soil suspensions. Third, dip some soil suspensions by an inoculating loop and inoculate them on a solid medium plate by the lining method. At last, invert the plates and place them in a constant temperature incubator to culture. In this way, we can isolate excellent microorganisms or some microorganisms with special functions.
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn microbiology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is how to make beef extract peptone medium. First, Accurately weigh beef extract, peptone, and NaCl(sodium chloride) solution according to the medium formula and put them in a beaker. Next, add little water and heal it. Next, adjust the pH value to 7.6. Next, sterilize for 20min. At last, cool down the culture medium to 50 degrees centigrade. The second experiment is the isolation and purification of microorganisms. First, take some soil. Then, under sterile condition, add 1 gram of soil into a bottle with 99 milliliter sterile water, and shake well to make soil suspension. Next, dip some soil suspension by an inoculating loop and inoculate them on a solid medium plate by the lining method. At last, culture them in a constant temperature incubator.
high pressure steam sterilization
In this way, we can isolate excellent microorganisms or some microorganisms with special functions.
Peptone /ˈpepˌtoʊn / 蛋白胨 sterilize /ˈsterəlaɪz / 消毒，灭菌
purification /ˌpjʊrɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n / 纯化 suspension / səˈspenʃ(ə)n / 悬浮液
inoculate / ɪˈnɑ:kjuleɪt / 接种
inoculating loop 接种环
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：微生物学实验
植物生理学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've learned three parts. The first part is photosynthesis. The second part is respiration. The last part is plant tissue culture. And I think the most important part is the first one. Firstly, I will introduce the photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants use the light energy of the sun to synthesize carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and release oxygen. This process is divided into two steps. The first step is light reaction and the second is dark reaction. In the first step, photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy, convert it into chemical energy, and store it in the ATP form. In the second step, use ATP generated by light reaction to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar. There are several significance of photosynthesis. First, convert solar energy into chemical energy. Second, convert inorganic matter into organic matter. Third, maintain the carbon oxygen balance of the atmosphere. In the second part, I will introduce respiration. Respiration is the process of oxidizing organic matter and releasing energy. Respiration is divided into aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration refers to the process in which cells utilize external oxygen to oxidize organic matter to generate CO2 and H2O, and at the same time release energy. Anaerobic respiration generally refers to the process in which cells use oxygen within organic molecules to oxidize organic matter and release energy under anaerobic conditions. The main physiological significance of respiration is to provide energy for plant life activities.
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is photosynthesis. The second part is respiration. And I think the most important part is the first part. Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants use the light energy to synthesize organic matter and release oxygen. This process is divided into two steps. The first step is light reaction and the second step is dark reaction. In the first step, photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy, convert it into chemical energy, and store it in the ATP form. In the second step, use ATP to generate sugar. In the second part, I will introduce respiration. Respiration is the process of oxidizing organic matter and releasing energy. Respiration is divided into aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. The main difference between two kinds of respiration is whether external oxygen is utilized during the reaction.
There are several significance of photosynthesis. First, convert solar energy into chemical energy. Second, convert inorganic matter into organic matter. Third, maintain the carbon oxygen balance of the atmosphere.
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：植物生理学
植物生理学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn plant physiology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is Measurement of water content in plant tissue. The second is the effect of potassium ion on stomatal opening. In the first experiment, as we all know, water can evaporate into steam when heated, so we can measure the water content of plant tissue by drying method. First, take some green vegetable leaves into an aluminum box, and weigh the box to get the weight W1. Second, put the box in the dryer at 105 degrees Celsius to dry for 2 hours. Third, take out the box and weigh it to get the weight W2. Water content w equals W1 minus W2. In the second experiment, first, take three petri dishes, and add 15milliliter of 1% potassium nitrate(KNO3), 1% sodium nitrate(NaNO3), and distilled water respectively. Second, put the bean leaf epidermis into three petri dishes. Third, put 3 petri dishes in a 25 degrees Celsius incubator and keep them warm for half an hour. Forth, take out the three petri dishes and light them for half an hour. At last, observe the degree of stomatal opening under a microscope. We can get the result that the degree of stomatal opening of leaves in potassium nitrate solution is greater than the other two.
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn plant physiology better. I will mainly introduce one experiment called Measurement of water content in plant tissue. As we all know, water can evaporate into steam by heating, so we can measure the water content of plant tissue by drying method. First, take some green vegetable leaves into a box, and weigh the box to get the weight W1. Second, put the box in the dryer at 105 degrees Celsius to dry for 2 hours. Third, take out the box and weigh it to get the weight W2. Water content w equals W1 minus W2.
In the second experiment, first, take three petri dishes, and add 15milliliter of 1% potassium nitrate(KNO3), 1% sodium nitrate(NaNO3), and distilled water respectively. Second, put the bean leaf epidermis into three petri dishes. Third, put 3 petri dishes in a 25 degrees Celsius incubator for 30 minutes. Forth, take out the three petri dishes and light them for 30 minutes. At last, observe the degree of stomatal opening under a microscope.
We can get the result that the degree of stomatal opening of leaves in potassium nitrate solution is greater than the other two.
Potassium / pəˈtæsiəm / 钾
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：植物生理学实验