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Introduction to Intercultural Communication跨文化研究导论
核心内容
What is culture? The word "culture" comes from the Latin word. It originally meant agriculture. The word "culture" has been in use since the 18th century. Kant mentioned this word in his book " Kritik der Urteilskraft". 18-19th century, culture was equal to civilization, and they were both antithetical to nature. 19th century, culture was more broadly defined in anthropology(人类学). There is no fixed definition of culture. There are now more than 150 definitions of culture. Culture is a f orm of communication. People in high-context culture use cryptic expressions when communicating. You need to know the background and values of their culture to understand. For example, when Japanese say "the moon is beautiful tonight" which means "I love you". Culture, Communication, Interculture High-Context- and Low-Context Culture People in low-context cultures like to express themselves directly. Then will see high-context expressions as disrespectful to communication. Communication, like culture, has many definitions. This word also comes from Latin. Communication is defined as the behavior between people with the help of broad lauguge elements. (交流的定义:在广义的语言元素的帮助下进行人与人之间的行为。 Communication Sender- Receiver Model (Sender-Empfänger) Communication can take place at 2 levels interpersonal level higher cultural level Culture and linguistic differences lead to misunderstandings Friend, in English means someone you know superficially. But in German, "Freund" means someone who has formed a
参考:来源:Introduction to Intercultural Communication跨文化研究导论.pdf|专业:德语|课程:Introduction to Intercultural Communication跨文化研究导论
MINT-Praktikum I-II 理论实践和实验
核心内容
This is a true "technology" course. The full name of MINT is "Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik", it's the abbravition of these 4 words. Das ist ein echter "Technologie"-Kurs. Der vollständige Name von MINT ist "Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik", es ist die Abkürzung dieser vier Wörter. 这是一门真正的”技术“课程。MINT的全称是"Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik",它是德语中数学、信息技术、自然科学和技术这四个领域的首字母缩写。 This course has about 25 students in groups of 3-4 people. Dieser Kurs hat ca. 25 Studenten in Gruppen von 3-4 Personen. 上课形式:大概25人,3-4人一组 Class content: The teacher will talk about some phenomena or principles related to physics, and then each group will do experiments on this principle and write a report. Unterrichtsinhalt: Der Lehrer wird über einige Phänomene oder Prinzipien im Zusammenhang mit Physik sprechen, und dann wird jede Gruppe Experimente auf diesem Prinzip durchführen und einen Bericht/Protokoll schreiben. 上课内容:老师会讲一些和物理相关的现象或原理,并给大家布置作业,写一份关于原理的实验报告(report)。例如:以小组为单位来实验课上讲到的原理。 Air resistance experiment. Air resistance often occurs in daily life. For example, skydiving. "When we jump from a high altitude, we will quickly fall to the ground, but if we open the parachute降落伞, the speed of the fall will be greatly reduced.". This is because the parachute will generate friction with the air in the air, forming air resistance. Experiment für Luftwiderstand. Luftwiderstand tritt häufig im täglichen Leben auf. Zum Beispiel Fallsc
参考:来源:MINT-Praktikum I-II 理论实践和实验.pdf|专业:德语|课程:MINT-Praktikum I-II 理论实践和实验
MINT-Praktikum I-II 理论实践和实验(2)
核心内容
· MINT = Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik(数学、信息学、自然科学与技术)
· Ziel: Förderung von Wissen und Kompetenzen in Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik, um zukünftige berufliche und gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen zu bewältigen.
· Unterrichtsform
· ca. 25 Teilnehmer; Gruppenarbeit mit 3–4 Personen pro Gruppe.
· Dozent stellt physikalische Phänomene/Prinzipien vor; Studierende bearbeiten Aufgaben und verfassen einen Versuchsbericht (Report) zu den Prinzipien.
· Beispiel: Luftwiderstand (Air resistance)
· Alltagsbezug: Fallschirmspringen – ohne Fallschirm schneller Fall; mit Fallschirm starke Verlangsamung durch Reibung mit der Luft → Luftwiderstand.
· Versuchsziele: Untersuchung des Luftwiderstandsbeiwerts (Luftwiderstandskoeffizient) verschiedener Kegel aus unterschiedlichen Fallhöhen.
· Versuchsaufbau/Methode:
· 10 Kegel aus A4-Papier mit unterschiedlichen Durchmessern, Gewichten und Höhen.
· Freier Fall jedes Kegels aus 10 m Höhe.
· Pro Kegel 5 Messungen; Aufzeichnung der Fallzeit.
· Mittelwert der Fallzeiten pro Kegel bestimmen; Luftwiderstandsbeiwert jedes Kegels berechnen.
· Ergebnis: Je größer die Querschnittsfläche des Kegels, desto langsamer die Endfallgeschwindigkeit.
· Aufgaben der Germanistikstudierenden: Herstellung der Kegel, Messung/Protokollierung der Fallzeiten. Datenberechnung überwiegend durch deutsche Studierende (wegen geringerer physikalischer Vorkenntnisse der Germanistikstudierenden).
· Bewertung/Übersetzung: Chinesische Tutorin (助教); Germanistikstudierende übersetzen den Versuchsbericht ins Chinesische; Bewertung nach Format und Übersetzungsgenauigkeit → Schulung der Übersetzungskompetenz.
· Weitere Versuche/Theorien
· Haftreibung und Gleitreibung (静摩擦与滑动摩擦): Untersuchung der Haft- und Gleitreibungskoeffizienten auf Oberflächen verschiedener Materialien; mehrere Versuche zum Verständnis der Wechselwirkung verschiedener Körper mit verschiedenen Oberflächen.
· Optimale Transportroute (最佳运输路线): Ein Unternehmen beliefert Kunden an verschiedenen Orten mit nur einem LKW; Aufgabe: Entwurf eines Plans mit kürzester Zeit und niedrigsten Transportkosten.
· Fazit/Erkenntnis
· Deutsche Universitäten legen großen Wert auf die Verbindung von Theorie und Praxis; dies unterstützt Lernen und Wissensverständnis erheblich. Chinesische Universitäten sollten diesen Praxisbezug stärker berücksichtigen.
参考:来源:MINT-Praktikum I-II 理论实践和实验(2).pdf|专业:德语|课程:MINT-Praktikum I-II 理论实践和实验
Selected Topics for the Linguistics of German德语语言学专题
核心内容
Phonology: How do we recognize speech? (Was tun wir, um Laute zu erkennen?) Speech sounds(Sprachlaut)= The production of primitive sound(Rohschallerzeugung)+Articulation Speech understanding(Lautverstehen):=Speech sounds(Sprachlaut)+Identify the feature of the meaning distinction The task of Phonology: Research the understanding and meaning of speech sounds(Lauten). Recognizing phoneme(识别音素) Phoneme is the smallest linguistic with the function of meaning differentiation. (音位是具有区分意义功能的最小语言单位。) The most important method for recognizing phoneme is minimal pair analysis(最小对立对). Minimal pair are pairs of words with different meaning or grammatical categories that differ only in one sound. For example: Dichter诗人--Richter法官 Phonology Analysis Creating phoneme system (创建音素系统) Recognizing homophone(识别同音字) The word in the Lexicon can be simple or complex. Lexical units and lexicalization Usually no rules apply to lexical. Lexicon in language system Every language system has rules. People can create new words according to the rules. Lexicon in linguistics means a part of a language system. Lexicon and Dictionary Dictionary is a Lexicon that follows certain rules. Selected Topics for the Linguistics of German 德语语言学专题 In Old Spanish times it was called Ladino “Latein" the name of "Spanish" Because the Castili language is dominant, it was also called "Castellano". In 1925, it was officially called "Español". Situation of the language the situation of ethnograthy(人种学) Spanish is mainly sp
参考:来源:Selected Topics for the Linguistics of German德语语言学专题.pdf|专业:德语|课程:Selected Topics for the Linguistics of German德语语言学专题
Sino-German Intercultural Studies and Mangement中德跨文化研究和管理
核心内容
Period 1 ecstasy/Euphorie 欣喜若狂 People in this period will be in a state of excitement, and think that everything is new and interesting. Intercultural Trainings (跨文化训练) Cultural shock Period 2 disappointment/ Enttäuschung 失望 Period 3 learning Period/Learnphase 学习时期 Excitement is followed by disappointment. Because people don't feel a sense of belonging abroad. And the locals can't understand this feeling either. After disappointment, people begin to try to fit in with the foreign environment. There are three outcomes that follow this Period. The first one is complete adaption, people will return to excitement. The second one is to get over the disappointment and live normally. The third one is that, he becomes more disappointed and unable to carry on the life abroad. Sino-German Intercultural Studies and Mangement 中德跨文化研究和管理 Intercultural Management(跨文化管理) Jürgen Bolten: 2 conditions for successful intercultural management Intercultural awareness(跨文化意识) For example, people need to understand whether social relationships need to be established before communication. Intercultural competence(跨文化能力) recognize different communication styles recognize misunderstanding We'll think about it later. In China it means"no".
参考:来源:Sino-German Intercultural Studies and Mangement中德跨文化研究和管理.pdf|专业:德语|课程:Sino-German Intercultural Studies and Mangement中德跨文化研究和管理
Unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln 创业思维和实践
核心内容
The theme of creating and operating a company runs through the whole course. Das Thema Gründung und Betrieb eines Unternehmens zieht sich durch den gesamten Kurs. 创建和运营公司的主题贯穿于整个课程。 Our Task in this course is: Simulate the operation of a surfboard company Aufgabe: Simulation des Betriebs eines Surfboard-Unternehmens 模拟运营一家冲浪板公司 Form: in group (3-4 students) Form: in der Gruppe (3-4 Studenten) The company nam: Waverunner Die Firma Name: Waverunner Capital: Virtual currency 10,000EUR Kapital: Virtuelle Währung 10.000EUR Target customers: Young and fashionable girl Zielgruppe: Junge und modische Mädchen Reason: There are many different surfboards on the market, but most of them are not suitable for girls. The surfboards on the market are too large and difficult to control. Our goal is customization. Customized according to the needs of girls, provide more comfortable and high-quality surfboards for girls. Grund: Es gibt viele verschiedene Surfboards auf dem Markt, aber die meisten von ihnen sind nicht für Mädchen geeignet. Die surfboard auf dem Markt sind zu groß und schwer zu kontrollieren. Unser Ziel ist die Anpassung. Maßgeschneidert nach den Bedürfnissen von Mädchen, bieten komfortablere und hochwertige Surfboards für Mädchen. 现在市场上有很多不同的冲浪板,但是大多 都不适合女孩,市面上的冲浪板都太大而且 很难控制。我们的目标是定制化。根据女孩 的需求定制,为女孩提供更舒适、更优质的冲浪板。 Unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln 创业思维和实践 At the beginning, the company was in a state of loss. My classmates and I analyzed the reasons. First of all, this course is
参考:来源:Unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln 创业思维和实践.pdf|专业:德语|课程:Unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln 创业思维和实践
Unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln 创业思维和实践(2)
核心内容
· Kursrahmen: Unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln (创业思维与实践)
· Leitmotiv: Gründung und Betrieb eines Unternehmens (创建与运营公司) zieht sich durch den gesamten Kurs.
· Ziel: praxisnahe Simulation unternehmerischer Entscheidungen.
· Aufgabe: Simulation eines Surfbrett-Unternehmens (模拟冲浪板公司)
· Form: Gruppenarbeit mit 3–4 Studierenden.
· Unternehmensname: Waverunner.
· Startkapital: virtuelle Währung 10.000 EUR.
· Zielkundengruppe: junge, modebewusste Mädchen (年轻时尚女性).
· Begründung der Nische (市场定位理由):
· Auf dem Markt existieren viele verschiedene Surfboards, die meisten sind jedoch für Mädchen ungeeignet.
· Marktübliche Bretter sind zu groß und schwer zu kontrollieren.
· Strategie: Customization (定制化) – Anpassung an die Bedürfnisse von Mädchen.
· Zielprodukt: komfortablere und hochwertigere Surfboards für Frauen.
· Geschäftslage (经营情况)
· Anfangsphase: Verlustsituation (亏损状态).
· Ursachenanalyse (原因分析):
· Der Kurs findet im Wintersemester statt → niedrige Temperaturen → weniger Urlaub und Surfen → geringe Absatzmenge.
· Die Marke ist neu gegründet → geringe Bekanntheit und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit → schlechte Geschäftslage in der Frühphase.
· Maßnahme zur Trendwende:
· Investition von 5.000 EUR in Werbung (广告费用).
· Verstärkte Publicity und Promotion gegenüber weiblichen Nutzern auf Social-Media-Plattformen (社交网站).
· Ergebnis: Wandel von Verlust zu Gewinn (由亏转盈).
· Reflexion / Lernergebnis (亮点与反思)
· Der Kurs wird als sehr interessant bewertet.
· Eigene Einschätzung: geringe wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Vorkenntnisse erschweren das Verständnis und die Anwendung von Geschäftsstrategien.
· Unterstützung durch Gruppenmitglieder und Kommilitonen war sehr hilfreich für den Lernprozess.
· Motivation: Wunsch, in Deutschland weiter Wirtschaftswissenschaften und wirtschaftsnahe Inhalte zu studieren.
· Kernbegriffe für Prüfung/Interview
· Unternehmensgründung, Geschäftsbetrieb, Verlust/Gewinn, Startkapital, Zielgruppe, Customization, Werbeinvestition, Social-Media-Marketing, Markenbekanntheit, Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, Wintersemester-Einfluss auf Absatz.
参考:来源:Unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln 创业思维和实践(2).pdf|专业:德语|课程:Unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln 创业思维和实践
Written translation 笔译
核心内容
Written translation 笔译 / 课程形式 / The form of lessons / 翻译的定义 / Definition of translation / 重点内容 / Key content / 目的 / The / purpose of lessons / 实践性、实用性 practicality / 英译汉 translation from English to Chinese / 汉译英 translation from Chinese to English / 严复:信达雅 Yan Fu: faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance / 英汉语言文化方面的差异 differences in language and culture between English and Chinese / 掌握英汉、汉英翻译词、句、篇章的基本理论、基本方法 master the basic theories and methods of translating words, sentences and texts between English and Chinese / 掌握简单分析并解决书面文本翻译的能力 ability to simply analyze and solve written text translation / Tanslation is based on brain thinking, the use of logical theory and the ability to reproduce and create lauguage. 基于大脑的思考,对逻辑理论的运用和对语言重现与创造的能力。 / 理解正确、表达准确、连贯通顺 understand correectly, express accurately, coherently and smoothly / 译文忠实原文、语言流畅 The translation is faithful and fluent. / 翻译技巧 / The skills of transaltion / 文化背景、文化习惯、思维方式 cultural background, cultural habits and ways of thinking / 直译与意译 literal translation and paraphrase / 直译:保持原作特点;使读者逐步接受原作的文学风格 Literal transaltion that preserves the character of the original text while gradually allowing the reader to accept it. / 意译:更通顺;符合读者母语习惯 Paraphrased sentences tend to be more fluent and conform to the reader's native language habits. / 习语、谚语的翻译 The translation of idioms and proverbs / call white black 指鹿为马 burn one's boat 破釜沉舟 It's never too old to learn.活到老,学到老。 / 确定词义:根据上下文、使用场合 determine the meaning from the context and field
参考:来源:Written translation 笔译.emmx|专业:英语|课程:Written translation 笔译
Written translation 笔译(2)
核心内容
课程形式 The form of lessons 英译汉 translation from English to Chinese 严复:信达雅 Yan Fu: faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance 理解正确、表达准确、连贯通顺 understand correectly, express accurately, coherently and smoothly 汉译英 translation from Chinese to English 译文忠实原文、语言流畅 The translation is faithful and fluent. 实践性、实用性 practicality 英汉语言文化方面的差异 differences in language and culture between English and Chinese 文化背景、文化习惯、思维方式 cultural background, cultural habits and ways of thinking 目的 The purpose of lessons 掌握英汉、汉英翻译词、句、篇章的基本理论、基本方法 master the basic theories and methods of translating words, sentences and texts between English and Chinese 掌握简单分析并解决书面文本翻译的能力 ability to simple analyze and solve written text translation 翻译的定义 Definition of translation Tanslation is based on brain thinking, the use of logical theory and the ability to reproduce and create lauguage. 基于大脑的思考,对逻辑理论的运用和对语言重现与创造的能力。 Translation is the act of transforming information from one language to another. 翻译是把一种语言信息 转变成另一种语言信息的行为。 Written translation 笔译 笔译与口译的区别 The difference between translation and interpretation 笔译:书面或文字形式,严谨、细心 translation: written form, precise and careful 口译:口头形式,翻译迅速、一心多用 interpretation: oral form, quick translation, multitasking 习语、谚语的翻译 The translation of idioms and proverbs call white black 指鹿为马 burn one's boat 破釜沉舟 It's never too old to learn.活 到老,学到老。 重点内容 Key content 确定词义:根据上下文、使用场合 determine teh meaning from the contest and field of use. 根据语义和表达习惯增、减词 add or substract words according to semantic and expre
参考:来源:Written translation 笔译.pdf|专业:英语|课程:Written translation 笔译
中西文化对比
核心内容
· 课程定位:中西文化对比(Comparison between Chinese and Western Cultures),属跨文化交际(Cross-cultural communication)范畴,理论基础涉及价值论(Value theory)。
· 研究维度:语言(Language)、饮食文化(Dietary culture)等。
· 可谈论话题(Topics acceptable both to China and the West)
· 娱乐(entertainment)、旅行(traveling)、度假(spending holidays)
· 爱好/汽车(hobbies/cars)、工作(work)
· 国家或地方新闻(national or local news)
· 英语国家视为隐私的话题(private matters)
· 婚姻(marriage)
· 薪水/价格(salary/price)
· 价值观差异(核心对比)
· 西方人崇尚个人主义(individualism):更关注个人隐私(individual privacy)、独立(independence)、平等(equality)与竞争(competition),这些均为个人主义的产物。
· 中国人崇尚集体主义精神(collectivism):强调团结(unity/solidarity)、紧密合作(close cooperation)、分享(sharing)与奉献(devotion)。
· 饮食文化差异(Dietary culture)
· 中国人:喜热食(hot food),很少直接吃生冷食物;认为食物必须经过加工与烹煮(processed and cooked)才能健康食用与享受。
· 西方人:也喜爱沙拉(salads)、冷饮(cold drinks)等冷食;部分蔬菜甚至肉类喜欢不加工、直接生食(raw food)。
· 饮品与餐具:
· 中国:独特的茶文化(tea culture);偏好中国白酒(Chinese liquor);主要餐具为筷子(chopsticks)。
· 西方:有喝咖啡的习惯(drinking coffee);用餐时喜欢搭配葡萄酒或啤酒(wine or beer);餐具为切食物的刀(knife,依用途分不同类型)与取食物的叉(fork)。
· 非语言交际差异(Body language)
· 眼神接触(Eye contact):
· 西方人交谈时直视对方脸部,视为正直与诚实(integrity and honesty)的标志。
· 中国人较少直视,有时甚至刻意回避眼神接触,以示尊重与谦卑(respect and humility)。
· 面部表情(Facial expressions):
· 中国人的面部表情不可捉摸(elusive)。
· 多数西方人面部表情丰富,倾向以更夸张的方式表达喜怒哀乐(joys and sorrows)。
· 趋势:随着生活水平提高与全球化(globalization)发展,中西差异正在缩小并趋于融合(narrowing and tending to be integrated)。
参考:来源:中西文化对比.emmx|专业:英语|课程:中西文化对比
基础英语写作 Basic English Writing · 基础英语写作 (1
核心内容
基础英语写作 Basic English Writing / 课程形式 Course form / 课程内容 Course content / 讲练结合 Combination of teaching and practicing / 命题作文 Proposition composition / 重难点(语言形式差异) Important and difficult points (differences in language forms) / 中文重义,强调上下文语义的连贯:多短句 Chinese emphasis on meaning, emphasis on contextual semantic coherence: more use of short sentences / 英文更重形:由分句组合而成的复杂长句English pays more attention to sentence form: it is mainly a long complex sentence made up of clauses. / 从句子入手 Learning to write starts with sentences / 句式结构上:从简单句的基本构成到并列句和复合句,尽量避免语法错误 Sentence structure: from the basic composition of simple sentences to compound sentences and complex sentences, try to avoid grammatical errors. / 行文(语言)规范上:标点符号、大小写、拼写规则、数字书写、缩略语等技术性细节 Writing standards: punctuation, capitalization, spelling rules, number writing, abbreviations and other technical details. / argumentation writing议论文 / Some people think history has nothing or little to tell us. Others believe that studying the past history can help us better understand the present. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. / I contend that researching on history is a necessary course for the public, especially young people. / Hi / story brings many lessons and practical experience. solve problems
参考:来源:基础英语写作 (1.emmx|专业:英语|课程:基础英语写作 Basic English Writing
德语
核心内容
德语 German / 教学内容 Teaching content / From easy to hard / 德语自我介绍 / The study content is based on the textbook, and the corresponding exercises are done after class. 以课本为基础,做课后练习 / The teaching format is diverse, combining blackboard writing, courseware and audio. 结合板书、课件、音频 / Examination / weekly exam 周测 / classroom questioning 课堂提问 / final exam 期末考试 / National College German test Band 4/6 大学德语四六级 / According to different life scenes, we learned the relevant basic vocabulary. 根据不同场景,学习基础词汇 / We learned the basic grammar of German and could make simple sentences.学习基础语法,可以造简单句 / The teacher popularized German culture while explaining German knowledge to us. 讲解德语知识的同时,普及德国文化 / The texts range from simple, everyday conversations to slightly longer paragraphs. 文章从日常对话到段落 / 英语与德语的区别 The difference between English and German
参考:来源:德语.emmx|专业:英语|课程:德语
科技翻译 Scientific Translati
核心内容
科技翻译 / Scientific Translation/ Technical Translation / 特点 / feature / 翻译技巧 / 词汇vocabulary / 语句sentence / 定义 / definition / 科技英语一般是指从事自然科学、工程技术活动时所使用的英语。 English for Science and Technology generally refers to the English used in natural science, engineering and technical activities. / Technical Translation is the translation of English articles about science and technology into Chinese. / 翻译过程 / 普通词汇专业化(熟词僻义)Familiar words have a strange meaning in a particular field. / 1.strength 力量,优缺点;(材料学)强度compressive strength抗压强度bending strength抗弯强度tensile stength拉伸强度 2.negative/positive负面的,正面的~charge正/负电荷 / 专业词汇多There are a lot of unfamiliar and specialized/professional vocabulary: / 1.派生词derivative: / prefix/suffix 加前后缀 biomaterials生物材料 microscope显微镜 / 2.复合词compound word: / combine two different words together 两个不同的词组合在一起 fiberglass玻璃纤维 spacecraft宇宙飞船 / 3.缩略词abbreviation: / a short form of a word or phrase 长词首字母 3D printing(dimensional)打印 / 具备独有的科学特点:清晰,准确,严谨,逻辑性强 with unique scientific characteristics: clear, accurate, rigorous,strong logic / 陈述句为主,多用被动语态mainly statements, mostly passive voice / 含有被动语态的句子常译为主动语态English technical articles often have a lot of passive voice, We need to change the passive voice into active word order when translating into Chinese. / 大量使用专业性词汇 use a lot of specialized vocabulary / 复杂句、长句 Translate a long English sentence into several short sentences that conform to Chinese customs. / 深刻理解原文,分析句子结构 understand the original text deeply and analyze the sentenc
参考:来源:科技翻译 Scientific Translati.emmx|专业:英语|课程:科技翻译 Scientific Translati
经贸翻译
核心内容
经贸翻译 Translation for Business and Trade (Business Translation) / 特点 / feature / 商务广告 / business advertisement / 商务应用文 / applied business texts / 商务文本涉及领域广,文字特点跨度大,没有统一标准能涵盖各类商务文体 Business texts involve a wide range of fields, the characteristics of the text span a wide range. There is no unified standard to cover all kinds of business texts. / 包含多种文体:商务广告、商务应用文、商务信函、商务合同 It includes a variety of styles. / 商务信函 / business letters / 商务合同 / business contract / 原文与译文都具有相似的劝说购买的效果 Both the original text and the translated text have similar effects in persuading people to buy goods. / 事实准确、礼貌得体 be actual and polite / 契约文体:准确完整、用语严谨 contract style: accurate and complete, precise language / 不要求逐字的“忠实”翻译 A literal translation of the original text is not required. / 注意各国间的文化差异 Pay attention to the cultural differences between countries. / 泰晤士报The Times: / We take no pride in prejudice. (Jane Austen 傲慢与偏见 / Pride and Prejudice / 商务活动中的项目招商通告、请柬等具有固定行文格式的商务文件。 Some business activities, such as the project investment notices, invitations and other business documents with a fixed format. / 信函正文的开始部分和结尾敬语的客套语一般可以较为灵活的处理 The polite language, for example the beginning of the letter and the end of the honorific, can be more flexible treatment. / Dear Sirs/Gentlemen敬启者 (亲爱的先生) Yours sincerely/faithfully敬上(您真挚的/忠实的) / 某些必备条款,都形成了一套固定的格式和套语,翻译时应尽量符合译入语的契约文体特点 Some essential clauses have formed a set of fixed forms, which should be translated in accordance with the contractual characteristics of t
参考:来源:经贸翻译.emmx|专业:英语|课程:经贸翻译
英汉语言对比
核心内容
· 课程定位:英汉语言对比(Contrastive studies of English and Chinese languages),核心议题为英汉句法差异(syntactic differences between English and Chinese)。
· 差异成因(the causes)
· 英汉隶属不同语系(belong to different language families),差异巨大。
· 句法(syntax)从基本框架上反映一种语言的构造特点与表达方式。
· 句式结构(sentence structure)
· 汉语:S+Ad.+V+O(C),句式不受形态限制,更为灵活。
· 英语:S+V+O(C)+Ad.,注重逻辑性,强调主谓搭配(subject-predicate collocation)与时态呼应(tenses)。
· 例:I go to school happily. / 我开心地去了学校。
· 修饰语位置(the placement of the modifier)
· 汉语:修饰语放在主体前。
· 英语:较长、复杂的修饰成分后置。
· 例:How many students are there in your class whose homes are in the city? / 你们班住在城里的同学有多少?
· 直率与含蓄(explicit and implicit,习惯语序 customary word order)
· 汉语:叙事+表态(narrative before attitude),通常先叙述事件再表达态度。
· 英语:表态+叙事(attitude before narrative)。
· 例:I am very happy to receive your message. / 收到你们的消息我很愉快。
· 客体与主体(the subject and the object)
· 汉语:常把人或生物性的词作主语,多用主动态(active voice)。
· 英语:常偏向无生命的词作主语,多用被动态(passive voice)。
· 例:The thought of returning filled him with fear. / 他一想到要返程心里就害怕。
· 其他方面:英汉广告(English advertising and Chinese advertising)
· 共同点(similarities):都具有推销作用,使消费者产生消费愿望。
· 不同点(differences)
· 英语广告:通过特殊构词法创造新词(special word formation to create new words)。
· 自由合成法(free synthesis):Timex Watch(time+excellent)。
· 故意拼错(deliberate misspellings):twogether(together),强调两个人,增添幸福与温馨。
· 汉语广告:构词创意来自汉字结构与发音。
· 谐音法(homophonic translation):"喜(洗)乐年华"(happy years)。
· 描绘字形法(describe the shape of Chinese characters):"彪"——如虎添翼(a tiger with wings added)。
参考:来源:英汉语言对比.emmx|专业:英语|课程:英汉语言对比