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大数据处理与应用 database application

专业:工商管理 | 课程:大数据处理与应用 database application

核心内容
大数据处理与应用 database application
这门课我们主要学习了什么是python,以及了解了python在爬取信息方面的运用,在今后我们要写论文时,有助于挖掘有用数据。在信息化时代,我们的工作都离不开计算机,学习部分专业计算机知识对于成为具有综合能力商科人才很有帮助。
In this course, we mainly learned what Python is and the application of Python in crawling information, which will be helpful for finding useful data when we write papers in the future. In the information age, our work is inseparable from the computer, learning some professional computer knowledge is very helpful to become a business talent with comprehensive ability.
What is python:
python是一种计算机编程语言,被广泛运用在科学计算、游戏编程,爬虫开发和计算机网络安全等领域。Python is a computer programming language that is widely used in scientific computing, game programming, crawler development and computer network security.
我们学习了如何搭建python的开发环境,HOW在window平台上独立安装程序。并学习了一些专业的计算机语言比如关键字和有效的标识符和如何编写简单的程序。We learned how to build a Python development environment and install some programs independently on the Windows platform. And we learned some professional computer languages such as keywords and valid identifiers。and how to write a simple program.
我的论文题目是基于大数据探究茶叶品牌认知差异。所以我的部分研究方法就是从淘宝和天猫等网购平台爬取部分用户对于茶叶产品的评价,并做成词云图,所以虽然我并不能熟练掌握python的技巧,但是学习python给我提供了写作的新思路,并且让我减少了很多搜寻数据的负担。
The topic of my paper is to explore the cognitive differences of tea brands based on big data. Therefore, part of my research method is to crawl some users' comments on tea products from online shopping platforms such as Taobao and Tmall and make them into word clouds. Therefore, although I am not proficie

参考:来源:大数据处理与应用 database application.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:大数据处理与应用 database application

宏观经济学macroeconomics

专业:工商管理 | 课程:宏观经济学macroeconomics

核心内容
宏观经济学macroeconomics
一、宏观经济学的基本假设是市场失灵。这意味着市场本身无法有效地配置资源。政府应该采取一些措施来调整市场,以确保资源的有效配置。因此,宏观经济学主要关注整个国民经济以解决失业、通货膨胀、经济波动、国际收支等问题,实现长期稳定的发展。
The basic assumption of macroeconomics is that markets fail. This means that markets cannot allocate resources efficiently on their own. The government should take some measures to adjust the market to ensure the efficient allocation of resources. Therefore, macroeconomics mainly focuses on the whole national economy to solve the problems of unemployment, inflation, economic fluctuations, international balance of payments and so on, so as to achieve long-term stable development.
二、GDP(国内生产总值)
对一段时间内(通常是每年)生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值的货币计量。
A monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually.
Y=C+I+G+NX。
the sum of consumption, investment, government spending and net exports (X – M)
(居民消费(C):家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品与服务的支出(购买汽车、家电这些物品,或者理发、医疗这些服务)
投资(I):购买未来生产其他物品的物品(比如:厂房、机器设备、存货),包括家庭用于购买住房的支出。
政府购买(G):指政府购买物品和劳务的支出,包括购买军火、办公用品,支付给政府雇员的工资等
净出口(NX):净出口=出口价值-进口价值,减去进口是因为进口商品不在本国生产
Household consumption (C) : Expenditure by households on goods and services other than the purchase of new housing (items such as cars and appliances, or services such as haircuts and medical care)
Investment (I) : Purchases of things that will produce other things in the future (e.g., plant, machinery, inventory), including household expenditures for housing.
Government purchases (G) : Government purchases of goods and s

参考:来源:宏观经济学macroeconomics.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:宏观经济学macroeconomics

市场营销Marketing

专业:工商管理 | 课程:市场营销Marketing

核心内容
市场营销Marketing
概念:是营销人员开展经营活动、销售行为的过程,营销是公司产品生产的最终目标。通过这门课程,我学会了如何让客户为公司创造更大的利润。
It is the process of marketing personnel to carry out business activities and sale products in the market. Marketing is the ultimate goal of the company's production. Through this course, I learned how to enable customers to create greater profits for the company.
一、目标市场战略(stp)
1.市场细分(segmenting):是根据消费需求将整体市场划分成不同的子市场,让企业更好满足顾客具体需求。
比如美国宝洁公司,通过市场细分,有不同种类的洗发水“海飞丝”用来减少头屑,潘婷用来保护头发
Market segmentation: it divides the overall market into different sub-markets according to consumer demand, so that enterprises can better meet the specific needs of customers.
For example, P&G in the United States, through market segmentation, has different types of shampoo,the"Head & Shoulders" is specially for reducing dandruff, Pantene is specially for protecting hair.
选择目标市场(targeting): 目标市场选择是指估计每个细分市场的吸引力程度,并选择进入一个或多个细分市场。
(吸引力程度是指细分市场的发展潜力,竞争情况和盈利可能)
targeting: Targeting is estimate the attractiveness of each market segment and select one or more segments to enter.(Attractiveness refers to the development potential, competition and profitability of the market segment)
产品定位(positioning):是根据目标市场的需求特点,设计出合适的产品,关键是企业要在自己的产品上找出比竞争者更具有竞争优势的特点。
It is to design suitable products according to the characteristics of the target market’s demand. The key for enterprises is to find out the characteristics of their own products that have more competitive advantages than their competitors.
可以从产品差异化(不同的形状、尺寸、性能)、服务差异化(海底捞)以及形象差异化(通过

参考:来源:市场营销Marketing.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:市场营销Marketing

市场调查Marketing research

专业:工商管理 | 课程:市场调查Marketing research

核心内容
市场调查Market research
概念
市场调查是运用科学的方法和合适的手段,系统地收集、整理、分析和报告有关信息,以帮助企业及时的了解市场机遇与威胁,发现市场营销过程中所存在的问题,正确制定和实施市场营销策略与计划。Marketing research is to use scientific methods and appropriate means to systematically collect, information, in order to help enterprises timely understand market opportunities and threats, find the problems in the process of marketing, and correctly formulate and implement marketing strategies and plans.
研究问题
市场调查问题是需要收集数据加以研究的问题,关注的是问题背后的原因。(例如,当企业出现的问题是目标市场选择错误,那么研究问题就是进行更有效的市场细分,为选择合适目标市场提供可靠依据。)
Marketing research questions are questions that need to collect data for research and focus on the reasons behind the problems. (For example, when the problem of the enterprise is the wrong choice of target market, the research problem is to do more effective market segmentation to provide reliable basis for the selection of appropriate target market.)
三、收集数据
文献查询:查阅有关的学术期刊、研究报告,来借鉴前人的经验与知识
专家调查:是对有关权威人士进行调查,听取他们的意见和看法。
问卷调查:问卷是一组事先设计好的用于从调查对象获取信息的问题
Literature search: refer to relevant academic journals and research reports to learn from the experience and knowledge of previous researchers
(2) Expert investigation: it is to investigate relevant experts and listen to their opinions and views.
(3)Questionnaire survey: A questionnaire is a set of questions designed in advance to obtain information from respondents
问题包括:
开放式问题(open-ended question)比如你可以给我们的产品提一些建议吗?Could you give us some advice on our products?
封闭式问题(closed-ended question)比如你最喜欢我们产品的哪一个部分,A:包装,B:口味Which pa

参考:来源:市场调查Marketing research.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:市场调查Marketing research

广告策划Advertising planning

专业:工商管理 | 课程:广告策划Advertising planning

核心内容
广告策划Advertising planning
概念:广告策划是为广告主提供科学的广告活动规划方案来增加产品销量,提升产品知
名度的决策活动过程。
Advertising planning is a decision-making process that provides advertisers with scientific advertising activity planning programs to increase product sales and enhance product popularity.
广告策划与市场营销的关系:The relationship between advertising planning and marketing
市场营销理论中著名的“4p”理论是指产品、价格、地点、和促销。而促销的基本方式有人员推销,广告,营业推广等,因此广告只是促销组合中的一种基本方法,需要配合其他变量和方法才能达到营销的目的。
The famous "four Ps" in marketing theory refer to product, price, place and promotion and the basic ways of promotion include personnel promotion, advertising, business promotion, etc. Therefore, advertising is only a basic method in the marketing mix, which needs to cooperate with other variables and methods to achieve the purpose of marketing.
广告策略制定流程 advertising strategy formulation process
确定目标市场:把哪一类消费者作为主要目标(比如百事可乐的目标消费者就是年轻人)
分析消费群体的特点和消费者的态度(宝洁公司在中国建立了消费行为数据库和完善的市场调研系统来了解消费者生活习惯和需求,比如用来分析人们的洗头和刷牙的方式)
Determine the target market: which type of consumers is the main target (for example, Pepsi's target consumers are young people)
Need to analyze the characteristics of consumer groups and consumer attitudes(P&G has established a consumer behavior database and a comprehensive market research system in China to understand consumers' living habits and needs, such as analyzing how people wash their hair and brush their teeth)
确定产品在市场中的定位(抖音的产品定位是原创短视频发布平台)
Determine the product positioning in the market (Douyin's product positioning is an original sho

参考:来源:广告策划Advertising planning.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:广告策划Advertising planning

微观经济学microeconomics

专业:工商管理 | 课程:微观经济学microeconomics

核心内容
微观经济学microeconomics
一、微观经济学和宏观经济学的区别
研究对象不同,微观经济学研究单个经济单位,比如家庭、厂商等;宏观经济学研究整个经济的运行方式与规律
解决问题不同,微观经济学要解决资源配置问题,实现个体效益最大化;宏观经济学解决社会范围内资源利用问题,实现社会福利最大化。
研究方法不同。微观经济学的研究方法是个量分析;宏观经济学的研究方法是总量分析。
Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1. The research objects are different. Microeconomics studies single economic units, such as households and manufacturers; Macroeconomics studies the operation mode of the whole economy
2. they solve Different problems. Microeconomics should solve the problem of resource allocation to maximize individual benefits; Macroeconomics solves the problem of resource utilization to realizes the maximization of social welfare.
3. Different research methods. The research method of microeconomics is individual quantity analysis; The research method of macroeconomics is aggregate analysis
二、需求与供给曲线Demand and supply curves
1、需求曲线:表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的图形。
在坐标里,横轴表示数量,纵轴表示价格,需求曲线是向右下方倾斜,这意味着如果价格更高,那么人们对该产品的需求就会更低。
1. Demand curve: A graph showing the relationship between the price and the quantity demand.
In this case, quantity is on the x axis and price is on the y axis, and the demand curve is sloping to the lower right, which means that if the price is higher, there will be less demand for the product.
使曲线移动的变量:
产品的价格和质量。
消费者的收入和偏好。
替代品:一种物品价格上涨引起另外一种物品需求量上涨。比如热狗和汉堡
互补品:一种物品价格上涨引起另外一种物品需求量下降。比如汽车和汽油
Variables that make the curve move:
The price and quality of the product.
Consumer income and preferences.
Substitution: An increase in the price of one it

参考:来源:微观经济学microeconomics.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:微观经济学microeconomics

消费者行为学Consumer Behavior

专业:工商管理 | 课程:消费者行为学Consumer Behavior

核心内容
消费者行为学Consumer Behavior
概念:是个体或者群体为了满足需要和欲望而挑选、购买,使用产品和服务的过程。
Consumer behavior is the process of selecting, purchasing, using the products and services by individuals or groups in order to satisfy their needs and desires.
通过这门课,我们通过学习相关心理学的概念,更好的理解消费者的心理和购买行为,从而更好理解怎样进行产品的营销。
By learning relevant psychological concepts, we can better understand consumers' psychology and purchasing behavior, so as to understand how to marketing the products better
要更好的销售产品就需要理解:
一、消费者的知觉Perception of consumers
是根据感觉而对事物的反映,包括听觉,嗅觉,视觉等
Consumer perception is the reflection of things according to feelings, including hearing, smell, vision, etc
enlightenment启示in product’s packing and the way of marketing
For example:乐事公司薯片产品的包装都选择了明亮的颜色,在货架上容易吸引消费者的注意
Lay's potato chips are packaged in bright colors,its easy to attract consumers on the shelf
(1.About advertising:比如一些奢侈品选择著名的明星来代言,就是为了体现企业的高端形象 some luxury products only choose famous stars to represent,in order to show their superior image)
二、消费者的个性the personality of consumers
个性:消费者对于相同外部刺激会做出着不一样的反映
Personality means Consumers will react differently to the same external stimulus
个性有四种:活泼型、不可遏制型、安静型和抑郁型
There are four types of personality: active,uncontrollable, quiet and depressed
销售人员可以根据顾客的行为判断顾客的个性,来采用不同策略去更好推销产品。比如对于不可遏制型的顾客,可以多说产品特点,抓住顾客的热情。对于安静型的顾客可以认真讲解产品信息,坦诚相待。Salespeople can judge the personality of customers based on their behavior and adopt different strategies to promote products better. For example, for uncontrollable customers, y

参考:来源:消费者行为学Consumer Behavior.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:消费者行为学Consumer Behavior

物流沙盘模拟

专业:工商管理 | 课程:物流沙盘模拟

核心内容
物流沙盘模拟
介绍:
物流沙盘模拟是一门重要的管理类专业实训课程,这一课程主要模拟企业在运营过程中物流管理的基本流程,例如物流预测,物流规划,控制物流成本。所有的环节都是在老师控制的电脑的系统里完成。主要的任务有选择产品,并建立生产线,和竞争者们竞标而获得订单,选择合适车辆运货(铁路、航空、汽车、水运轮船),设计让运输成本最低的路线。根据企业财务选择开拓合适的市场。
Logistics sand table simulation is an important practical training course for management majors. This course mainly simulates the basic flow of logistics management in the operation process of enterprises, such as logistics prediction, logistics planning and logistics cost control. All the sessions are done on a computer system controlled by the teacher. The main task include selecting products and setting up production lines,bidding against competitors to win orders,selecting suitable vehicles to transport goods(rail, airplane, automobile, water ship), and designing routes that minimize transportation costs. Select and develop appropriate markets according to corporate finance.
遇到的问题:
选择太多订单,而公司的仓库并没有足够货物,这样就不能完成所有订单。
一开始在银行贷款太多,在后面需要还利息的时候,因为没有完成足够多的订单产生收益而无法偿还债务。
Problems encountered:
1. Choose too many orders, and the company's warehouse does not have enough goods, so it cannot fulfill all orders.
2. I borrowed too much money from the bank at the beginning, but when I needed to pay the interest later, I could not repay the debt because I did not complete enough orders to generate income.
解决方法:
加价临时购买货物,先完成订单,因为一旦违约就要交付高额违约金
将仓库积压的货物卖出,在偿还债务后重新整合资源,减少租赁仓库的规模和购买的车辆
The solution:
1. purchase of goods at a higher price and complete the order first, because once Default on these loans,a high pen

参考:来源:物流沙盘模拟.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:物流沙盘模拟

物流管理physical distribution management

专业:工商管理 | 课程:物流管理physical distribution management

核心内容
物流管理Logistics management
概念
物流管理是采用管理的基本原理和科学方法,对物流活动进行计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制,使各项物流活动实现最佳的协调与配合并来降低物流成本,提高物流效率和经济效益。
Logistics management is to use the basic principles and scientific methods of management to plan, organize, command, coordinate and control logistics activities, so that the logistics activities to achieve the best coordination and cooperation and reduce logistics costs, improve logistics efficiency and economic benefits.
运输管理
概念:运输是通过各种运输手段使货物在物流节点之间流动。
Transportation is through various means of transportation to let the goods flow between logistics nodes
运输的两大功能:
物品移动,运输的主要目的就是以最短的时间,最低的成本将物品转移到指定地点。Two major functions of transportation: moving goods. The main purpose of transportation is to transfer goods to designated places in the shortest time and at the lowest cost.
短时储存,在运输期间可以将运输工具作为临时的储存设施,对物品进行短时的储存。
Short-term storage: Transport vehicles can be used as temporary storage facilities to store goods for a short time during transportation.
运输管理的原理
规模经济economy of scale:随装运规模的增长使单位重量的运输成本降低。运输能力较大的运输工具比如铁路和水路,每单位的运输费用更低。
With the increase of shipment size, the shipping cost per unit weight is reduced. More powerful means of transport, such as rail and water, have lower transport costs per unit.
距离经济economy of distance:每单位的运输成本随距离的增加而减少。
常见运输工具:
主要可以分为水路运输工具、公路运输工具、航空运输工具。
水路运输是用船舶作为运输工具,在各种水域进行运输活动,水路运输运载能力大、成本低、能耗少、但是速度慢Water transport is to use ships as a means of transport, activity in a variety of water area , water transport have huge carrying capacity, low c

参考:来源:物流管理physical distribution management.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:物流管理physical distribution management

现代质量管理

专业:工商管理 | 课程:现代质量管理

核心内容
现代质量管理:Modern quality management
一、概念:质量管理就是在一定的技术经济条件下,为保证和提高产品质量所进行的一系列经营管理活动Quality management is a series of management activities to ensure and improve product quality under certain technical and economic conditions
二、质量策划Quality planning
概念:是根据内外部条件制定质量目标和计划,同时规定相关资源的配置来满足目标。
It is to formulate quality objectives and plans according to internal and external conditions, and specify the allocation of related resources to meet the objectives.
用到的主要方法:质量功能展开(quality function deployment,QFD):,又叫质量屋(the house of quality)是通过市场调查方法获取顾客需求,并采用矩阵图法将顾客需求分解到产品开发的各个阶段和各职能部门中,再通过协调各部门的工作来让产品能真正地满足顾客的需求。
The main methods used: quality function deployment (QFD): (also known as the house of quality) is to obtain customer demand through market survey and decompose customer demand into various stages of product development and functional departments by matrix diagram method. Then through the coordination of the work of various departments to make the product can truly meet the needs of customers.
技术需求、关系矩阵、技术评估、顾客需求、竞争分析
Technical requirements, relationship matrix, technical evaluation, customer needs, competitive analysis
三、质量控制Quality control
是保证控制对象的持续稳定,满足ISO9000的要求。
Is to ensure the continuous stability of the control object, to meet the requirements of ISO9000.
Iso9000是国际质量管理体系标准,ISO9000标准所涉及到的过程控制包括了产品寿命周期的所有阶段(进入、成长、饱和和衰退期)。
按照这个标准控制质量可以稳定提高产品品质,这是全世界公认的标准
Iso9000 is the international quality management system standard.
ISO9000 includes all stages of the product life cycle (entry,

参考:来源:现代质量管理.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:现代质量管理

管理创新与实践 Management Innovation and Practice

专业:工商管理 | 课程:管理创新与实践 Management Innovation and Practice

核心内容
管理创新与实践
Management Innovation and Practice
管理创新与实践主要内容是让大家通过分组的形式进行创业项目的选择,并撰写商业计划书。
关于这门课,我们小组选择的创业项目是骑行公益项目,宣传和呼吁大家低碳出行,累计骑行的公里数,通过兑换公里数的方式,可以为贫困地区的孩子换取他们所需要的生活用品。这个项目在保护环境和锻炼身体的同时,又可以为社会做出爱心捐赠。
本项目针对广大群众,任何人都可以参加,我们会通过线上社交平台进行宣传,并与贫困地区的相关单位进行合作,将本项目的一半利润直接投资到乡村建设和解决当地孩子生活问题上。
The main content is to let us choose an entrepreneurial project and write a business plan in groups.
The project of our group is a cycling charity project, which promotes and asks people to take a low-carbon trip and collect kilometers of cycling, in order to exchange for children in poor areas for the necessary goods they need. This project can protect the environment and exercise at the same time, and make a loving donation to the society.
Our project is aimed to the public, anyone can join it. We will promote it online through social media platforms and cooperate with relevant organizations there, and invest half of the profits of this project into village development and solving local children's life problems.

参考:来源:管理创新与实践 Management Innovation and Practice.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:管理创新与实践 Management Innovation and Practice

管理实践调查 Management Practices Survey

专业:工商管理 | 课程:管理实践调查 Management Practices Survey

核心内容
管理实践调查 Management Practices Survey
这是一门实践课,老师用一天时间带领我们去一家中国著名的啤酒厂进行参观学习,叫燕京啤酒厂。主要了解了该公司的人力资源管理的组织结构和人员安排。
This was a practical class and our teacher spent a day showing us around at a well-known brewery in China which called Yanjing Brewery. We mainly learned about the company's organizational structure and staff arrangement of human resource management.
人力资源管理的组织结构
燕京啤酒下属公司有20多家,由燕京总部统一管理。
该公司由很多个部门组成,分别是供应部、销售部、财务部、生产计划部等等。其中销售部又继续分为四个部门,针对不同的产品进行销售。
在人员安排上,销售部和生产部的员工最多,他们主要负责按照计划完成公司的生产和销售计划,这两个部门加一起有将近9千人。
Organizational structure of human resource management
There are more than 20 companies under Yanjing Brewery, which are all managed by Yanjing headquarters.
The company is made up of many departments, including Supply, Sales, Finance, Production Planning and so on. Among them, the sales department continues to be divided into four departments to sell different products.
In the staffing arrangement, the sales and production departments have the most employees. They are mainly responsible for complete the production and sales plan according to their company, and these two departments together have nearly 9,000 employees.

参考:来源:管理实践调查 Management Practices Survey.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:管理实践调查 Management Practices Survey

管理沟通

专业:工商管理 | 课程:管理沟通

核心内容
管理沟通这门课我主要学习
首先是一些管理沟通的基本概念,比如什么是管理沟通和沟通的种类。
然后重点学习了管理沟通的方法
最后是管理沟通的策略
From this class,i first learned what is management communication,and the type of communication, and then i mainly learned the internal information communication network structure。Last i learned some strategies of it
管理沟通基本概述
管理沟通是指为了达到组织目标而进行的信息传递和交流活动,是组织和成员之间信息发送,接收和反馈的过程
Management communication:
Management communication is the information transfer and exchange activities in order to achieve organizational goals. It is the process of information sending, receiving and feedback between the organization and its members
沟通分为两部分:Communication is divided into two parts.
语言沟通(口头、笔头)
Verbal communication (verbal, written)
非语言沟通(形体语言(手势、姿态等)和表情
Non-verbal communication (body language(like gestures) and face expressions
内部信息沟通网络结构(画图出来解释)
Structure of Internal information communication network
轮式(处于中心地位的人是信息沟通的核心,一切信息都经过这个核心进行传递,有利于了解、掌握、汇总全面情况,轮式型信息传播速度最快。缺点是核心领导能掌握全面情况,但是其他成员沟通不足。通常是在一个部门中,领导给其他下属分配任务
Wheel type:The person at the center is the core of communication, all information is passed through him, he can know all the information. The wheel type has the fastest transmission speed. The disadvantage is that the core leader can grasp the overall situation, but the communication of other members is not enough。Usually in a department, the leader assigns tasks to other subordinates
链式:优点在于组织结构简练,缺点是信息传递速度慢,信息经过层层筛选容易失真。)比如从最高领导者到最底层员工之间的信息沟通
Chain type: the organization structure is simple, but the disadvantag

参考:来源:管理沟通.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:管理沟通

组织行为学

专业:工商管理 | 课程:组织行为学

核心内容
【组织行为学(Organizational Behavior)知识点笔记】

【一、学科概述】

Organizational Behavior(组织行为学) 以组织中个体、群体及组织结构对组织内部行为的影响为研究对象,是研究组织中人的行为与心理规律的科学。其目的在于提升管理者预测、引导与控制人的行为的能力,通过应用此类知识提升组织效能、达成组织目标。

两个核心问题:
1. 组织如何影响成员的思想、感受与行为——揭示组织有效整合与个人自律的规律;
2. 成员的行为与绩效如何影响整个组织的绩效——组织对成员活动的协调决定其能否成功完成任务。

总体逻辑:研究组织如何约束个体、个体如何影响组织,从而改进管理、提升绩效。

为何日益受重视: 市场经济的重要特征是竞争,竞争最终是人的竞争、人的素质的竞争;现代企业管理突出特征之一是“以人为中心”的管理(human centered management);若员工素质不高或积极性未被调动,资本、土地、原材料、设备、信息等物质因素无法实现其真正价值。

三大分类: Individuals in organizations(组织中的个体)、Work groups(工作群体)、How organizations behave(组织如何行为)。

与人力资源管理的关系: 组织行为学回答“人是什么样”,Human Resources(人力资源管理)回答企业“如何用人做事(employing people / how to do things)”;对人力资源管理而言,组织行为学是不可分割的组成部分(an inseparable part)。

【二、组织中的个体(Individuals in organizations)】

个体是群体与组织的细胞,个体心理与行为是群体、组织心理与行为的基础。研究内容包括 personality(人格)、job-related attitudes and emotions(与工作相关的态度与情绪)等。

【1. Personality(人格)与大五人格模型(Big Five / OCEAN)】

组织中的人格研究关注特定特质与员工绩效的关系,据此实现人格与工作的匹配,以产生更高绩效、满意度与最低流动率(minimum flow rate)。五个维度均呈双极连续谱,非二分:

· Openness to experience(经验开放性):inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious。对艺术、情感、冒险、非常规想法、好奇心与多样体验的欣赏。高分者追求自我实现(self-actualization);低分者通过坚持(perseverance)获得满足,务实、数据驱动,可能被视为教条(dogmatic)、封闭。
· Conscientiousness(尽责性):efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless。有条理、可靠、自律、尽职、追求成就。高分者 organized, reliable, diligent, self-discipline, punctual;低分者 lazy, sloppiness, lack of reliability。
· Extraversion(外向性):outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved。衡量人在人际关系中感到自由的程度。高分者 attention-seeking, optimistic, sociable, talkative;低分者 reserved, reflective, cautious, calmness, less talk。
· Agreeableness(宜人性):friendly/compassionate vs. challenging/detached。同情、合作而非怀疑、对抗。高分者乐于助人、易信任、慷慨、脾气好;低分者 competitive, challenging, rudeness, suspicion, uncooperation, cruelty, irritability。
· Neuroticism(神经质):sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident。易体验不愉快情绪(愤怒、焦虑、抑郁、脆弱),也指情绪稳定性与冲动控制程度。高稳定需求(低神经质):stable, calm,但可能 uninspiring, unconcerned;低稳定需求(高神经质):reactive, excitable, dynamic,但可能 unstable, insecure。

与工作绩效的关系(易考点): Conscientiousness 与工作绩效强正相关(strong positive correlation);高 Extraversion 者易取得管理与商业成功;高 Neuroticism 者在压力情境下更有效率;高 Agreeableness 者能有效处理客户关系、化解冲突。

Holland 职业人格类型(RIASEC): Reality type、Research type、Art type、Social type、Enterprise type、Conventional type。

【2. 与工作相关的态度与情绪】

· Job satisfaction(工作满意度):员工对其工作或工作各方面(薪酬、监督、环境、人际关系)的感受,影响组织绩效与员工流失(turnover)。
· Organizational commitment(组织承诺):员工对组织依附的程度,含三类——Affective commitment(情感承诺):情感依赖、认同与投入,源于深厚感情而非物质利益;Continuance commitment(持续承诺):对离开所造成损失的认知,为不失去已有投入而留下;Normative commitment(规范承诺):留在组织的义务感,因长期社会影响形成的社会责任。例:企业困难时员工因情感依附选择留下共渡难关。
· Emotional labor(情绪劳动):要求员工表现出特定情绪(如对顾客微笑),即使并未真实感受到。正面影响:顾客更愉悦、增加购买、提升整体绩效,体现职业素养;负面影响:工作压力、职业倦怠(job burnout)、健康威胁。组织应加强对员工的情绪引导。

【3. Perception(知觉)】

定义:直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物的整体属性在人脑中的反映。Social perception(社会知觉):个体对人的心理状态、行为动机、人际关系及社会事件作出预测与判断的过程。

社会知觉偏差(biases in social perception): Primacy effect(首因效应,第一印象)、Recency effect(近因效应,最后信息作用强)、Like-me effect(似我效应,易接受与自身背景相似者)、Halo effect(晕轮效应,以偏概全、爱屋及乌)、Stereotypes(刻板印象,对某类事物的固定观点)。

【三、行为理论的兴起:Hawthorne experiment(霍桑实验)】

背景:霍桑工厂工资高、福利好,但工作效率低。Lighting experiment(照明实验)与 welfare experiment(福利实验):发现二者变化对生产效率无影响。Interview experiment(访谈实验):访谈计划实际为工人提供了发泄对工厂管理制度不满的机会。Group experiment(群体实验):认为正式组织中存在自发形成的 informal groups(非正式群体),其有自身特殊行为标准,对人的行为起规范与控制作用,同时强化内部协作。

【四、工作群体(Work groups)】

Group(群体):两个或两个以上人的集合,遵守共同行为规范,相互依赖,心理上相互影响,有共同目标。Formal group(正式群体):由组织结构界定、按职责分配,行为指向组织目标。Informal group(非正式群体):既无正式结构也未被组织界定的联盟(alliances),由员工为满足社交互动需要自然形成;工作功能不强,但在维持功能(maintenance function)上作用独特,满足社交、尊重、亲和等需要;积极作用是增强归属感(sense of belonging),消极作用易滋生谣言(rumors)、形成小团体,阻碍信息传递与组织职能运行。

群体压力与从众(Group pressure and conformity): 群体压力指群体对其成员的影响;当成员思想或行为与群体意见/规范冲突时,为维持关系产生无形心理压力,被迫遵从。从众行为指个人与多数人意见不一致时感到压力,压力足够大时放弃个人意见、与大家保持一致。管理意义:有助于实现目标、提高凝聚力与效率,但也带来惰性(inertia)、抑制创造力。

群体动力理论与激励理论: 群体动力理论由 Kurt Lewin(库尔特·勒温)提出,核心公式 B = f (P, E):B 为人的行为(behavior),P 为个人内在需要(personal internal needs),E 为环境外力(environmental external force);即行为是内在需要与环境外力相互作用的结果。领导启示:关注办公环境、设备、企业文化等环境影响;通过培训、激励激发员工素质与潜能。Motivation(激励):唤起、引导并维持人的行为以达成某目标的一系列过程。相关理论:Maslow's hierarchy of needs(马斯洛需要层次理论)、Theory X and Theory Y(X理论与Y理论)、Two-factor theory(双因素理论)、Expectancy Theory(期望理论)、Equity Theory(公平理论)。

群体与团队的区别: 团队由技能互补的一群人组成,成员彼此承诺,为共同负责的绩效目标努力。绩效来源:群体绩效取决于每个成员,团队绩效还取决于共同工作成果;责任承担:群体中领导者承担主要责任,团队中每个成员也负责、共担责任;目标承诺:团队对目标作出承诺(commitment);技能结构:群体成员技能可同可异,团队成员技能互补,整合知识、技能与经验形成互补角色。

【五、组织行为(How organizations behave)】

Organization culture(组织文化): 具有组织特征的使命、愿景、目的、精神、价值观与经营理念,在生产运营实践中逐步形成并为员工认同。内部管理视角回答“什么行为是对的、值得鼓励的、如何鼓励”,判断标准是行为结果是否符合企业核心利益。作用:引导作用(将成员动机导向组织目标)、约束作用(无形的思想约束力,形成软规范 soft norm)、凝聚作用(使成员产生深度认同感与命运共同体意识)。

Leaders(领导者): 组织中具有显著影响力的人,其观念、人格特质与行为模式影响下属、群体乃至整个组织。领导本质是对下属的一种影响力(influence);领导过程以非强制影响力(non-coercive influence)引导和协调成员行动以达成组织目标。社会型领导方式:做下属的核心与朋友,依靠影响力带领下属。领导理论:领导特质理论(leadership trait theory)、领导行为理论(leadership behavior theory)、领导权变理论(leadership contingency theory,含 Situational leadership theory 情境领导理论、Leader-member exchange theory 领导—成员交换理论)。

【六、应用与易考点】

在人力资源管理中的应用: 个体人格研究用于招聘(recruiting)中判断候选人是否适合岗位,实现“最合适的人放在最合适的岗位(put the most suitable person in the most suitable position)”;态度与情绪研究帮助 HR 了解员工对组织与工作的满意度,据此改进工作环境(working environment)与工作流程(workflow),最终提高员工满意度→提升工作绩效。

易考点提示:
1. 大五人格各维度与绩效/成功/压力应对的对应关系,尤其 Conscientiousness 与绩效的强正相关;
2. 组织行为学与人力资源管理的关系定位(前者是后者的组成部分);
3. “最合适的人放在最合适的岗位”与人格研究的联系;
4. 满意度—工作环境/流程改进—绩效提升的因果链条;
5. 霍桑实验各阶段结论与非正式群体的发现;
6. 社会知觉五类偏差的辨析;
7. 组织承诺三类型(情感、持续、规范)的区分;
8. 群体与团队在绩效来源、责任承担、目标承诺、技能结构上的差异;
9. 勒温公式 B = f (P, E) 的含义与领导启示。

参考:来源:组织行为学.doc|专业:工商管理|课程:组织行为学

组织行为学Organizational behavior

专业:工商管理 | 课程:组织行为学Organizational behavior

核心内容
组织行为学Organizational behavior
一、
概念:对组织中人的感受、思考、活动的内容和方式的系统研究
A systematic study of people’s feeling, thinking, and their way of active.
学习组织行为学的意义:
让我更好的了解组织中人的行为特点和规律,对之后的生活和工作都有帮助
管理的本质是对人的管理,了解人是成为管理者必须要学会的
The significance of learning Organizational behavior:
(1) It helps me better understand the behavior characteristics of people in the organization, which is helpful for my future life and work。
(2) The essence of management is the management of people and as a manager you have to learn people’s behavior.
个体心理与行为Individual psychology and behavior
价值观:是人们最基本的信念,是人们对于周围的一切客观事物的想法和评价。
包括内容和强度两种属性(例子:A和B都认为公平是管理员工的准则,这就是价值观的内容,但a会偏袒员工,b任何时候都保持公平,b的价值观强度就更强)
Values: they are people's most basic beliefs and their thoughts and evaluations of all the things around them.
It includes content and intensity (Example: Both A and B believe that fairness is the criterion for managing employees, which is the content of values, but A will favor employees, and b will maintain fairness at any time, so B's value intensity will be stronger)
能力:能力是个体能够顺利完成某种活动所需要的心理特征。分为一般能力、特殊能力、创造力
Ability is the psychological characteristics that an individual needs to successfully complete an activity. It is divided into general ability, special ability and creativity
群体心理和行为group psychology and behavior
群体是两个或两个以上相互作用,相互依赖的个体所组成的具有相对稳定关系模式的集合体,这些个体有共同目标和利益。
·和组织的区别:组织不止有共同目标还有规定的沟通渠道,和正式的权责分工。
A group is an aggregate of two or more interacting and interdependent individuals with a relatively stable relat

参考:来源:组织行为学Organizational behavior.docx|专业:工商管理|课程:组织行为学Organizational behavior

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