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APS德汉口译
核心内容
Mood: Create a certain atmosphere through the use of linguistic means e.g. through adjectives or adverbs What is important? Content/argumentation structure e.g. und, aber, daher... Facts and personal opinions theory What is less important? Repetition Redundancies Digressions from the line of argument Anecdotes Recognize the structure of a speech Narrative: The speaker tells a story. Contrasts: e.g. pros (1und2darüberaus3) and contras (1außerdem2zusätzlich3) Argumentation: The speaker follows a common thread and ends with a conclusion. Each class has two hosts, a speaker, an interpreter, and other students are responsible for the comments. 双向口译 German-Chinese Bilateral Interpretation give speeches meanings of different gestures of a cat's tail, e.g. Cats tuck their tails between their legs when they're scared or sad, or anxious about a new situation. Learned experience The interpreter should communicate the translation method (paragraph by paragraph or sentence by sentence) with the reporter in advance. The interpreter should stand behind or off the court and make eye contact with the reporter. The speaker should be very familiar with the notes and speak rather than memorize them. Watch a three-minute video and write an outline. Listen carefully again to fill in the details. Then a classmate was chosen to interpret. Finally, the teacher summarized the details and logical errors. Pay attention to logic, do not interpret word for word. Whether to interpret a special noun li
参考：来源：APS德汉口译.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德汉口译
APS德语写作
核心内容
In order to substantiate a thesis, one does not only have to cite arguments. It's about making the argument meaningf ul. A complete argumentation consists of argument, explanation and example. Introduction: Occasion&Thesis Main part: Arguments Conclusion: Summary Discussion in simple form Example Reason: My brother always complains to me about so much homework. Thesis: Middle school students should be assigned less homework. Argument 1: Middle school students do homework until midnight every day, which af f ects their growth. Argument 2: They need time to develop other skills. Argument 3: Too much homework af f ects students' interest in learning. In summary, one could say that f or middle school students, too much homework does more harm than good. And middle school students should be f ully developed. Ich bin der Meinung/Ansicht, dass... Meiner Meinung nach ... Ich bin überzeugt, dass... idioms of expression of opinion Daf ür/Dagegen sprechen verschiedene Argumente: ... Das wichtigste Argument f ür/gegen ... ist, ... idioms of argument Daf ür lassen sich viele Beispiele nennen: ... idioms of examples Letter of application Sender(Address, T el, Email) Addressee(address) Subject Date Greeting Main body Salutation 德语写作German Writing Column chart柱状图 Bar chart长条图 types of diagram Curve chart曲线图 Doughnut chart圆环图 Pie chart饼图 Für/Gegen ... sprechen f olgende Argumente: ... Einerseits ..., andererseits ... Means of reconciliation f rom pro to contra arguments Discussion
参考：来源：APS德语写作.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语写作
APS德语口语
核心内容
高级德语口语 Advanced Oral German presentation Yantai Fruit Yantai Apple(Fuji Apple): national brand; Yantai Cherry: Nearly 70 percent of cherries in China come from Yantai. my hometown Yantai the sea People in Yantai love to take sea baths; Yantai has the most natural bathing beach. the perfect temperature: 4 p.m. in July and August tourist attractions Yantai's first/second bathing beach, Yantai Railway Station, Yangma-Island, Penglai-Palivion historical background Shandong is the hometown of Confucius and Mencius, the birthplace of Confucianism, which makes the Shandong diet to achieve a realm of peace. As early as the Zhou Dynasty, eating etiquette had formed a complete system. The traditional banquet etiquette of Han nationality has been completely preserved in Shandong region. the table manners in Shandong the importance of seating Under the influence of Confucianism, the distinction between guest and host, senior and young at the wine table should not be careless. The person sitting opposite the door is the guest. drinking culture etiquette of drinking Don't pour until everyone is seated. relationship between etiquette and culture The Chinese believe that food is closely related to one's fate. When dining with a traditional Chinese family, respecting their etiquette means respecting their culture and not violating taboos. e.g. Don't stick your chopsticks straight into the middle of the bowl, because it's like worshipping ancestors. Alle nehmen Platz und der Wein wird eingesc
参考：来源：APS德语口语.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语口语
APS德语国家社会历史
核心内容
Overview of the German-speaking countries Überblick über die Bundesrepublik Deutschland德意志 联邦共和国概况 Geography Germany is located in the heart of Europe. Germany has the seventh largest land area in Europe, of which 33% is cultivated and 31% is forested. The population is the largest in the European Union. 国土 面积欧洲第七，其中耕地面积33%，森林面积占31%； 人口是欧盟人口最多的国家 Four large landscapes: The terrain is characterized by low north and high south -- North Germany: lowland plain; central Germany: Hills and mountains; southern Germany: The Alps 北低南高——北德：低地平原；中德： 丘陵山地；南德：阿尔卑斯山区 climate: Temperate maritime climate (northwest) and continental climate (southeast) transition zone温 带海洋性气候(西北)和大陆性气候(东南)的过渡区 Germany has 3 city states市州 and 13 federal states 联邦州. 三级选举制Three-tier electoral system: 地方、州议会和 联邦议院 local, state parliaments and the Bundestag， 每四年一次elections are held every 4 years Politics 议会两院制The bicameral Parliament: is composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives 联邦 议院Bundestag+联邦参议院Bundesrat。 联邦议院是国家最高权力机关,主要行使立法权、选举 权、监督权，必要时可对联邦总理提出建设性不信任案 (Konstruktives Misstrauensvotum): The Bundestag is the highest organ of state power, exercising the legislative, voting and supervisory powers, and can raise Constructive vote of no confidence against the federal prime minister when necessary Europe's largest economy欧洲最大国民经济体 economy a large industrial country with manufacturing as an important economic pillar工业大国，制造业是重要支柱 Export-oriented economy外向型经济体 the Germans typical Germans: punctual, du
参考：来源：APS德语国家社会历史.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语国家社会历史
APS德语语法词汇
核心内容
as subject: Es freut mich, dich zu sehen. functions of "zu" as object: Ich versuche, das Buch zu verkaufen. as apposition: Es ist Zeit, schlafen zu gehen. as the predicative: Sein Wunsch ist, Arzt zu werden. sein+zu+Inf. Die Grammatik ist nicht schwer zu erkennen. zu Infinitiv+zu scheinen+zu+Inf. Es scheint zu regnen. um...zu final clause, the main clause agrees with the subject ohne...zu ohne...dass Comparative & Superlative(Komparativ&Superlativ) change rules the use of comparative & superlative adjectives können can dürfen wollen will should modal verbs(Modalverben) sollen sollen is the statement of unnamed persons: often begin with: Man sagt, ...; Du weißt doch,... müssen must mögen möchten 德语语法词汇 German Grammar and Vocabulary Grammar verbs without accusative(Verben ohne Akk.) For verbs without an accusative, the subject completion of a sentence in the noun phrase becomes the genitive attribute. e.g. Chinesische Wirtschaft wächst weiter zweistellig → das weitere zweistellige Wachstum der chinesischen Wirtschaft For verbs without an accusative, the subject completion of a sentence in the noun phrase becomes the genitive attribute. e.g. Wir bemühen uns um ein Außenhandelsgleichgewicht. unsere Bemühung um ein Außenhandelsgleichgewicht. nominalization of verbs(Nominalisierung von Verben) verbs with accusative(...mit...) For verbs + subject + accusative, the accusative in the noun phrase becomes the genitive attribute. e.g. Der Direktor begrüßte die Gäste. verbs with dative
参考：来源：APS德语语法词汇.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语语法词汇
APS德语语言学导论+专题
核心内容
1语言学的基本概念Basic concepts of linguistics Linguistics deals with the description and explanation of language, speech and linguistic communication. morpheme语素 Def inition: Morphemes are the smallest linguistic units with a meaningful f unction. The morphemes can no longer be f urther decomposed. 3形态学Morphology determinative compound determiner + basic word: Arbeitstag, Arbeitszeit, Spielzeit composition possessive compound e.g. Langf inger= Person, die stiehlt, kein Finger copulative compound e.g. Pulloverjacke = Jackepullover, Strumpf hose≠Hosenstrumpf pref ix f ormation e.g. un-, nicht-, ge-, ... suf f ix f ormation e.g. -e, -heit, -los, ... word f ormation types af f ixation circumf ix f ormation e.g. ge-...-e Gesinge, un-...-ig unwillig derivation combination e.g. Geld+geben=Geldgeber conversion of words e.g. f angen-Fang, blicken-Blick, beginnen-Beginn; Heim- heim; Mail-mailen abbreviation e.g. Uni=Universität Introduce to Linguistics of German Connotation内涵 and denotation外延 The connotation does not ref er to the core meaning and the designation of a f act or object. 内涵不是指意义的核心和对事实或对象的指定。 The connotative meaning refers to the emotional connotations and semantic and stylistic nuances ref erred to in the linguistic sign. 内涵意义指的是语言符号中共同指定的 情感上的次要意义以及语义和风格上的细微差别。 The connote includes emotional and stylistic parts, secondary meaning and emotional value of the meaning of the sign. 内涵包括情感和风格的部分，符号意义的次要意义和情感价值。 The denotation is the conceptual content of the linguistic
参考：来源：APS德语语言学导论+专题.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS德语语言学导论+专题
APS欧洲文化导论
核心内容
French is descended f rom Western Romance languages. Greco-roman mythology had an important inf luence on the French language. When Caesar conquered Gaul, he instilled Latin and Roman culture into the people of Gaul. After the conquest of Rome, the people still spoke Gallic, but it was deeply influenced by ancient Greek and Roman mythology. Gradually, this language became the basis of Old French, which became the ancestor of modern French. France the Ancient Greek and Roman origins of French culture 法国文化的古希腊、古罗马渊源 Many of the architectural heritage of France originated f rom ancient Greece and Rome, such as the Square of Stars in the center of Paris, French relief s, Cupid statues and so on. The naming of many cultural relics and buildings in France also reflects the inf luence of ancient Greek and Roman culture. The Elysee Palace is an ancient building in Paris and the of f icial residence of the President of France. The word "Elysee" comes f rom the Greek and means "a happy land." The origins of f ado vary, f rom the dance of Portugal's f ormer colonies(葡萄牙当年的殖民地的舞蹈), to Portuguese f olk narrative songs(民间叙事歌曲), and to songs sung by Portuguese seamen(葡萄牙海员唱的歌曲). Fado was probably f ormed by a mixture of cultural f actors. Fado 法多 The singers of f ado (literally, "f ate") speak to the of ten harsh realities of everyday lif e, sometimes with a sense of resignation, sometimes with the hope of resolution. The music is performed by either a f emal
参考：来源：APS欧洲文化导论.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS欧洲文化导论
APS跨文化
核心内容
Introduction to intercultural communication Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people with dif f erent cultural backgrounds. DE: IKK(Interkulturelle Kommunikation) intercultural communication originated in USA and has a multidisciplinary nature(多学科性质). Its theories are mainly derived f rom anthropology(人类学), psychology, communication, linguistics and so on. It has a history of only about twenty years in China. Foreign scholars: Sharing, persuasion(说服) Chinese: the transmission and reception of inf ormation three levels of communication: interpersonal communication(人际交流), organizational communication(组织交流) and mass communication(大众传播) the concept of communication mode of communication 5W-Mode(American politician Lasswell): Who-says What-in What(Which) channel-to Whom-with What ef f ects coded message Schramm-Mode Sender Receiver verbal言语交际: e.g. (spoken)lexical medium; (written)同上 decoded message 4 communication modes nonverbal: f acial expressions; pictures paraverbal: pause; f ont design字体设计 extraverbal: time, place; paper quality Culture comes f rom the Latin "colere", which means to cultivate or maintain. nature artificial&natural the concept of culture distinguish concepts culture spiritual&material civilization Culture is not innate, but learned. characteristics of culture Culture is dynamic, and its f orm is associated with a certain historical period.动态 跨文化研究导论(案例分析) Introduce to Intercultural Communication(Case Analysis) individual
参考：来源：APS跨文化.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：APS跨文化
Advanced Oral German 高德口语
核心内容
overview: Geographic location and information Divided into Nanjing East Road and Nanjing West Road. The oldest commercial street in Shanghai. The most famous commercial street and tourist attractions. Presentation 1: Nanjing Road Attractions Traditional architecture and modern architecture---- fansiation Nanjing Road Walkway: walk along the Bund, a lot of neon light at night. Changjiang Hotel, where Jiang Jieshi and Song Meiling got married. Many century-old shoppingmall Soup dumpling Characteristic food Fresh meat mooncake Saute What is porcelain? Porcelain is made from various minerals. It surface is glazed and painted. The color of the porcelain various according to the temperature when they were made. Advanced Oral German 高德口语 Presentation 2: Chinese porcelain The history of porcelain. The prototype of porcelain is primitive celadon（原始 青瓷）from Shanxi Province 4200 years ago. Eastern Han Dynasty-----Celadon东汉青瓷 （23——220年） After the Eastern Han Dynasty, porcelain in the south was mainly blue, while that in the north was mainly white. In the Tang Dynasty, "Tri-colored glazed Pottery" appeared. The main colors were yellow, green and white. It is usually used for burial. In the Song Dynasty, porcelain work technology was fully mature. It was an important stage in the development of Chinese porcelain. Jingdezhen porcelain is famous all over the world. The Yuan Dynasty appeared blue and white porcelain and Youligong. Both are hard to make. During the Ming Dynasty, the quantity
参考：来源：Advanced Oral German 高德口语.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：Advanced Oral German 高德口语
Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I & II 中德跨文化桥梁课程 · Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I II 中德跨文化桥梁课程
核心内容
Just as the name of this course - Bruekenkurs Deutsch Chinese Lernform I&II, this course is like a bridge to connect Chinese and German culture. This course is prepared for students who come to Germany for study. It is intended to help new people adapt to German study and life as soon as possible. At the same time, the teacher will invite German students who are interested in Chinese culture to participate in this course every month to increase the communication between German students and Chinese students. Wie der Name dieses Kurses - Brückenkurs Deutsch Chinesische Lernform I&II - schon sagt, ist dieser Kurs wie eine Brücke, die die chinesische und deutsche Kultur verbindet. Dieser Kurs ist für chinesische Studenten gedacht, die zum Austausch und Studium nach Deutschland kommen. Er soll den neuen chinesischen Studenten helfen, sich so schnell wie möglich an das deutsche Studium und Leben anzupassen. Gleichzeitig lädt der Lehrer jeden Monat deutsche Studenten, die sich für die chinesische Kultur interessieren, zur Teilnahme an diesem Kurs ein, um die Kommunikation zwischen deutschen und chinesischen Studenten zu fördern. 正如这个课程的名称-Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I& II， 这门课就像连接中国和德国文化的 牵连。此课程是专门为前来德国交流学习的中国同学准备的，是为了让初来乍到的中国同学能尽快适应德国的学习和生活。每个月会邀请对中国文化感兴趣的德国同学参加，促进中德文化的交流。 课程背景 Period 1- excited:兴奋 People are very excited in this period, and think that everything is new and interesting. Periode 1- aufgeregt: Die Menschen in dieser Zeit werden in einem Zustand der Aufr
参考：来源：Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I II 中德跨文化桥梁课程.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I & II 中德跨文化桥梁课程
Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I & II 中德跨文化桥梁课程 · Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I II 中德跨文化桥梁课程（2）
核心内容
· 课程定位：Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I, II（中德跨文化桥梁课程），专为赴德交流的中国留学生设置，目标为尽快适应德国学习与生活；每班开设中国文化兴趣班，促进中德学生交流。
· Intercultural Trainings（跨文化训练）
· Cultural shock（文化冲击）三阶段模型
· Period 1: exciting（兴奋期）——处于兴奋状态，认为一切新鲜有趣。
· Period 2: disappointment / Enttäuschung（失望期）——须独立面对并解决语言、学习、人际等困难。
· Period 3: Learning Period / Academic（学习/适应期）——开始尝试融入新环境，出现三种情形：
· 完全适应（complete adaptation），重新回到兴奋状态；
· 克服失望，正常生活；
· 更加失望，无法继续国外生活。
· 帮助留学生快速度过 Cultural shock 的办法
· 不担心语言问题，尽量多与当地学校前辈、同学交流；
· 积极参与学校组织的活动，结交陌生朋友；
· 培养自己的爱好。
· 语境/文化理论
· Context（语境）：双方交流时的理解程度。Hall 提出“context”概念——与朋友交谈时双方的理解程度；例：向美国人讲中国诗，对方因缺乏文化背景与共同知识而无法理解，即语境不同。
· 高语境国家：表达不直接，有时需用隐喻或客体语言表达，因人们有相同文化背景、能理解彼此意思。例：中国。
· 低语境国家：说话更直接、更直接表达；受多样性人口与流动人口影响，文化共性少，故表达直接以便相互理解。例：美国。
· Hofstede's criteria for Cross-Cultural Management（海尔的文化管理标准）——资料仅提及名称，未展开具体维度。
· German learning（德语学习）
· 加强语言学习；人们常说学好一门语言最好去该国——是了解文化与语言的好途径。
· 活动
· 参观德国企业：PSB Intralogistics GmbH in Pirmasens——专注于设计、制造和提供物流自动化系统与解决方案的公司。
· 学校组织的“苹果集市”活动
· 以小组为单位举办，每班有自己的一小片区域，展示并售卖小组成员共同制作的手工小工艺品；
· 制作家乡美食拿到集市分享，吸引全校投票；
· 大奖输赢制度：得票最多的产品获学校颁发奖项；记录者所在小组获三等奖，奖品为印有学校校徽的马克杯。
参考：来源：Bruekenkurs Deutsch- Chinesishe Lernform I II 中德跨文化桥梁课程（2）.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：Brückenkurs Deutsch-Chinesische Lernform I & II 中德跨文化桥梁课程
Cross Cultural Management跨文化管理
核心内容
1. 什么是跨文化管理？ Cross-cultural management refers to the management of people from different countries and cultures in global operations, especially in multinational company. Cross-cultural management bezieht sich auf das Management von Menschen aus verschiedenen Ländern und Kulturen in globalen Unternehmen, insbesondere in multinationalen Unternehmen. 跨文化管理是指在全球化经营中，尤其是跨国企业中，对来自不同国家和不同文化的人的管理。 文化差异是跨文化管理的前提。作为一个跨国企业，一定要注意这种文化差异。这样各个国家的分公司才会有更好的发展。 2. 为什么要进行跨文化管理？Warum ist Cross-cultural Management notwendig? Many employees of multinational companies come from all over the world. Because they have different cultural backgrounds, they will have differences in communication or work methods. At this time, the company needs to carry out cross-cultural management to solve these communication barriers, so that cooperation between colleagues can proceed smoothly. 现如今很多企业的员工都是来自五湖四海，世界各地，因为他们有着不一样的文化背景，所以在沟通或工作方式上会有差异，这个时候需要企业进行跨文化管理，有效的解决这些沟通障碍，让同事之间的合作和相处能够顺利进行。 应该学习和了解当地文化，借鉴好的文化融入到公司的管理中，而不是一成不变的延续 传统的/或公司总部的管理模式.然后变革管理能使公司更好的融入当地的文化，促进沟通和交流。这不仅将使全球商业企业适应不同国家的文化环境，而且还将大大增强其竞争优势。 变革管理 Change Management For the company's management personnel, try to select those with high skills and quality and high sensitivity to cultural differences as the top management personnel. The choice of low-level managers can be localized as much as possible, because local people have a deep understanding of local culture and are easy to be accepted by employees. At the same time, it also provides a road
参考：来源：Cross Cultural Management跨文化管理.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：Cross Cultural Management跨文化管理
Cross Cultural Management跨文化管理（2）
核心内容
· Definition: Cross Cultural Management (跨文化管理)
· 跨文化管理指掌握在全球化经营中、尤其是跨国企业中，对不同跨文化条件和文化发展不同阶段的企业所在国的文化了解、包容的管理方法。
· 研究对象：在跨文化条件下如何克服不同文化的冲突，进行不同文化间的高效管理。
· Kernaussage: Different cultures are not the same. In a multinational company muss man die Kulturen der Länder verstehen, nur so können alle Komponenten eines multinationalen Unternehmens gut gemanagt werden.
· Different cultures have different managers. / Differences between countries have been developing (Values, changes).
· Notwendigkeit (必要性)
· 文化差异是跨国公司的难点；跨国企业必须注意这些文化差异，透过各国分公司才能有更好发展。
· 跨国企业员工来自世界各地，文化背景不同 → 在工作方式交流与沟通上产生困难。
· 需要跨文化管理来有效解决沟通障碍，使同事间合作与相处顺利进行。
· Strategien der跨文化管理 (策略)
· Change Management (变革管理)
· 学习了解当地文化，将相关文化融入公司和管理中，而非照搬总部管理模式。
· 建立管理者与员工、公司对环境的适应。
· 管理者需考虑文化差异，尽量消除其负面影响，调整整合不同文化系统，建立高效、灵活的组织结构。
· 缔造跨文化地区的管理团队
· 尽量聘用本地区当地管理人员：熟悉本土文化，易与母公司派来员工融合。
· 为本土员工上升提供更多渠道与机会。
· Information Technologies (信息技术)
· 远程会议、经营培训、网络招聘等日益普遍。
· 例：中国员工在德国、分公司在中国，可通过网络会议沟通，节约沟通成本（如疫情期间线上培训）。
· 创新
· 例：总部在中国苏州，去柏林帮中国文化部与投资人合作创立公司；中国高铁可帮助设计研发人才建设与团队。
· 使企业业务活动适应区域环境，提高竞争优势，促进可持续发展。
· 语言培训 (Language training)
· Communication is very important at all times. Language and culture have become increasingly important.
· 员工应学习对方语言，以便更好工作、解决问题，并组织社交活动增加接触与沟通机会。
· Wichtige Theorien (重要理论)
· Hofstede's criteria for Cross-Cultural Management / 语境 (context)
· 语境：交流时说话双方的语言环境、自然环境语境及以语言为载体的社会环境。
· 高语境 (High Context)：表达含蓄，交际主要依赖言语本身的语言环境，重情、听音听意，常通过具体行为语言表达想法；表达不直接，需用隐喻或客体语言，因有相同文化背景能理解彼此。例：中国。
· 低语境 (Low Context)：以事为主，交际依赖双方具体语言环境；说话更直接，因受多样性人口和流动人口影响、文化少，直接表达也能理解对方。例：美国。
· PESTEL analysis for Cross-Cultural Management
· 六方面：政治、经济、社会、技术、环境、法律 (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal)。
· 跨国经营中企业要面对不同国家在这些外部因素上的差异。
· Triple Bottom Line and Cross-Cultural Management (三重底线)
· 经济、社会责任和环境责任的平衡。
· Qualitäten eines guten Managers in der globalisierten Welt (优秀全球化管理者素质)
· 开放、保持耐心、能够接受新事物 (Be open and keep curious and actively accept new things)。
· 尊重彼此：每个国家和地区的文化都应被尊重和理解；反对偏见 (fight against prejudices, no prejudice)。
· 入乡随俗 (Do in Rome as Rome does)。
参考：来源：Cross Cultural Management跨文化管理（2）.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：Cross Cultural Management跨文化管理
German Business Communication商务德语
核心内容
People shake hands every time they greet each other. The woman needs to offer her hand to the man. Shake hands In China, it's opposite The elder need to offer their hands to the youth. In the company, the person who in charge is the first to shake hands, no matter what gender or age. Appellation称呼 Job position, major and title are not used in appellation. Just call "Frau" or "Herr" will be ok. In China, when you face the leaders, you must called them their surname and title. German habits and etiquette in the workplace Some important manners and expressions German Business Communication 商务德语 Content of class The teacher will show us some videos of conversation scenes in German company. And then we will analyse their actions. Such as whether their words ,attitudes and their actions are polite. Sometimes we also need to compare with Chinese business etiquette. Use "Sie" when you are in a business meeting with a German. Be punctual People usually wear dark suits in business meeting. Wir kommen direkt zum Thema. Es ist Ihrer Großzugigkeit zu verdanken. Danke, dass Sie für mich Zeit genommen haben. What impressed me most, was the difference in applying for leave. In Germany, you just coordinate your time with your boss will be fine. Your boss even wish you to have a good holiday. Boss and employees are basically equal. But in China, whether the boss gives you a vacation or not all depends on his or her mood. After asking for a time off, you must show your thankfulness to your boss
参考：来源：German Business Communication商务德语.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：German Business Communication商务德语
German Literature in the 18th century18世纪德语文学
核心内容
Early Middle Ages/Frühmittelalter (500-1180) The church dominated culture教会主导文化 Only monks（僧侣） can read and write. The literature of this period has elements of Germanic paganism（日耳曼异教） and ancient Christianity（古代基督教）. Many of the works are sacred（神圣的） poems. Chivalric culture（骑士文化）influenced the works of this period. Middle Ages/Hochmittelalter (1170-1250) Imperial epics(Das Höfische Epos宫廷史诗)and Heroic epics（英雄史诗） are the main works. The main content is the knight's adventure story. For example: King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, the Nibelungen Song. Late Middle Ages/Spätmittelalter(1270-1500) Fall of knighthood Development of Citizen stratum市民阶层的发展 Humanism means humanity. Renaissance(1500-1650) The Reformation was Martin Luther's reform of Catholicism（天主教）. Humanists like to write in Latin. Huten's Epistles of the Obscurant愚昧者书简. Martin Luther translated the Bible in German. The period of German literature Baroque means irregular pearl. Barock (1600-1720) Baroque was an age of contrasts对比鲜明 After the Thirty Years' War, Germany's politics, economy and culture went backwards. Works of this period emphasize living in the moment. The famous representative writer is Andreas Gryphius. He wrote sonnet. period of enlightenment/Aufklärung(1680-1789) The Enlightement was a Europe-wide movement of reason and humanity. Immanuel Kant, critique of pure reason纯粹理性批判 Strum und Drang狂飙突进（1767-1790）: the principal literary work was drama. (Drama is educational) The representa
参考：来源：German Literature in the 18th century18世纪德语文学.pdf｜专业：德语｜课程：German Literature in the 18th century18世纪德语文学