专业知识库（按学科 / 专业 / 课程）
按学科门类筛选，可继续下钻到具体专业与课程；内容为各课程复习要点，用于面谈与笔试备考。
微生物学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've mainly learned three parts: bacteria, fungi, and virus. In the first part, i will introduce bacteria. Bacteria are a class of prokaryotic microorganism. They are short and thin, with a simple structure. Their reproductive mode is binary fission. Bacteria normally consist of cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear region. They also have some special structure such as flagella, spore. The colony of bacteria is a group of daughter cells with certain special structural characteristics on the surface of a solid culture medium centered on mother cells. The second part is fungi. Fungi are a class of eukaryotic microorganism with the nucleus covered by nuclear membrane such as yeast, mold, and mushroom. Fungi are capable of mitosis. They also have some special organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. Yeasts are an important microbial resource. Yeasts are mostly distributed in sugary environments. It is the first "domesticated microorganism" for humans. The third part is viruses. Viruses are a kind of non cellular organism. viruses are very small and have simple composition. They are so small that we can only observe them by using the electron microscope. The main components of viruses are only nucleic acid and protein. Further more each virus only contains one kind of nucleic acid: DNA or RNA. Viruses can only synthesize their own nucleic acids and proteins in host cells.Microorganisms are mainly used in agriculture and food industry fields. For example, we can produce microbial fertilizers and do some biological fermentation.
Cell wall: The tough outer covering located at the outermost part of a cell, which can immobilize the cell
Cell membrane: A semipermeable membrane that adheres closely to the inner side of the cell wall and surrounds the cytoplasm. It can selectively control nutrients and metabolites inside and outside the cell.
Cytoplasm: The assembly of substances surrounded by a cell membrane other than the nuclear region
Nuclear region: The unique primitive nucleus of prokaryotes without nuclear envelope and fixed morphology
Special structure: flagella, spores
Flagella: One to dozens of long filamentous appendages attached to the surface of certain bacterial cells, with a "moving organ" that promotes bacteria.
Spores: Some bacteria form dormant bodies with extremely low water content and strong resistance to stress in their cells during their later stages of growth and development.
In this course, I've mainly learned three parts: bacteria, fungi, and virus. In the first part, bacteria are a kind of prokaryotic microorganism. They are short and thin with a simple structure. Bacteria consist of cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear region. They also have some special structure such as flagella. The second part is fungi. Fungi are a kind of eukaryotic microorganism such as yeast and mushroom. Their reproductive mode is mitosis. They have some special organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast. The third part is virus. Virus is a kind of non cellular organism. Virus is so small that we can only observe it by using the electron microscope. The components of virus are only nucleic acid and protein. Further more, each virus only contains one kind of nucleic acid: DNA or RNA. Virus can only synthesize its own nucleic acids and proteins in host cells.
Yeast is an important microbial resource. Yeast is mostly distributed in sugary environment. It is the first "domesticated microorganism" for humans.
Prokaryotic / proʊkeriˈɑːtɪk / 原核的 cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtoʊplæzəm / 细胞质
Flagella / fləˈdʒelə / 鞭毛 fungi /ˈfʌŋɡiː / 真菌
Eukaryotic / juːkeriˈɑːtɪk / 真核的 organelle /ˌɔ:rɡəˈnel/ 细胞器
prokaryotic binary fission
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：微生物学
3 劳动关系-重点-劳动政策与劳动关系治理
核心内容
劳动政策与劳动关系治理
The main knowledge point of this course is similar to that of labor relations, but it pays more attention to the impact of the introduction of policies on labor relations. Since this course is closely related to reality, I will illustrate it with a case study.
On January 20, 2022, eight Chinese ministries and commissions jointly issued "Several Opinions on Promoting the Healthy and Sustainable Development of Platform Economy Norms". Before the document was issued, there was a gap in the identification of new forms of employment such as ride-hailing drivers, which often put them at a disadvantage。
In the document mentioned, "to explore and clarify the identification criteria that do not fully conform to the establishment of labor relations." This means that the identity of the practitioners in the new employment form is expanded from the labor relations and cooperative relations to a new incomplete labor relations. This new employment relationship will make the boundaries of the identification of labor relations clearer and better protect the rights and interests of workers.
参考：来源：3 劳动关系-重点-劳动政策与劳动关系治理.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：3 劳动关系-重点-劳动政策与劳动关系治理
微生物学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn microbiology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is how to make beef extract peptone medium. First, Accurately weigh beef extract, peptone, and NaCl(sodium chloride) according to the proportion of the medium formula and put them in a beaker. Second, add little water and heal it with stirring constantly. Third, adjust the pH value to 7.6. Forth, sterilize for 20min by high pressure steam sterilization. At last, cool down the culture medium to 50 degrees Celsius. The second experiment is the isolation and purification of microorganisms. First, take little soil 5 to 10 centimeters below the surface and put it in a sterile bag. Second, under the sterile condition, add 1 gram of soil into a bottle with 99 milliliter sterile water, and shake well to make soil suspensions. Third, dip some soil suspensions by an inoculating loop and inoculate them on a solid medium plate by the lining method. At last, invert the plates and place them in a constant temperature incubator to culture. In this way, we can isolate excellent microorganisms or some microorganisms with special functions.
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn microbiology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is how to make beef extract peptone medium. First, Accurately weigh beef extract, peptone, and NaCl(sodium chloride) solution according to the medium formula and put them in a beaker. Next, add little water and heal it. Next, adjust the pH value to 7.6. Next, sterilize for 20min. At last, cool down the culture medium to 50 degrees centigrade. The second experiment is the isolation and purification of microorganisms. First, take some soil. Then, under sterile condition, add 1 gram of soil into a bottle with 99 milliliter sterile water, and shake well to make soil suspension. Next, dip some soil suspension by an inoculating loop and inoculate them on a solid medium plate by the lining method. At last, culture them in a constant temperature incubator.
high pressure steam sterilization
In this way, we can isolate excellent microorganisms or some microorganisms with special functions.
Peptone /ˈpepˌtoʊn / 蛋白胨 sterilize /ˈsterəlaɪz / 消毒，灭菌
purification /ˌpjʊrɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n / 纯化 suspension / səˈspenʃ(ə)n / 悬浮液
inoculate / ɪˈnɑ:kjuleɪt / 接种
inoculating loop 接种环
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：微生物学实验
4 劳动关系-重点-劳动关系经济学
核心内容
劳动关系经济学
【与劳动经济学的知识点类似，详情参考劳动经济学】
劳动关系学
Labor relations pays more attention to the identification of the relationship between workers and employers, how to avoid labor disputes and labor disputes from the perspective of law. The main point of view of the course is that workers are the main body
劳动关系经济学
The economics of labor relations is learning from the perspective of the firm how do you do it at a lower cost and how do you train people and how do you keep them in the firm
参考：来源：4 劳动关系-重点-劳动关系经济学.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：4 劳动关系-重点-劳动关系经济学
植物生理学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've learned three parts. The first part is photosynthesis. The second part is respiration. The last part is plant tissue culture. And I think the most important part is the first one. Firstly, I will introduce the photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants use the light energy of the sun to synthesize carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and release oxygen. This process is divided into two steps. The first step is light reaction and the second is dark reaction. In the first step, photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy, convert it into chemical energy, and store it in the ATP form. In the second step, use ATP generated by light reaction to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar. There are several significance of photosynthesis. First, convert solar energy into chemical energy. Second, convert inorganic matter into organic matter. Third, maintain the carbon oxygen balance of the atmosphere. In the second part, I will introduce respiration. Respiration is the process of oxidizing organic matter and releasing energy. Respiration is divided into aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration refers to the process in which cells utilize external oxygen to oxidize organic matter to generate CO2 and H2O, and at the same time release energy. Anaerobic respiration generally refers to the process in which cells use oxygen within organic molecules to oxidize organic matter and release energy under anaerobic conditions. The main physiological significance of respiration is to provide energy for plant life activities.
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is photosynthesis. The second part is respiration. And I think the most important part is the first part. Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants use the light energy to synthesize organic matter and release oxygen. This process is divided into two steps. The first step is light reaction and the second step is dark reaction. In the first step, photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy, convert it into chemical energy, and store it in the ATP form. In the second step, use ATP to generate sugar. In the second part, I will introduce respiration. Respiration is the process of oxidizing organic matter and releasing energy. Respiration is divided into aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. The main difference between two kinds of respiration is whether external oxygen is utilized during the reaction.
There are several significance of photosynthesis. First, convert solar energy into chemical energy. Second, convert inorganic matter into organic matter. Third, maintain the carbon oxygen balance of the atmosphere.
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：植物生理学
5 劳动关系-重点-员工参与
核心内容
员工参与
There are many theories of employee participation, among which Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is the most famous, it divides human needs into five levels, physiological needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs, among which esteem and self-actualization are the purpose of employee participation in this course
员工参与的基本途径
Employee participation can be divided into direct participation and indirect participation. Direct participation is to participate in the business decision and operation of the enterprise. Indirect participation refers to appointing representatives to participate in enterprise management in a certain way.
具体措施
The concrete measures of employee participation can be divided into three dimensions: leadership, system and employees.
At the leadership level, it is necessary to recognize the value of employee participation, respect and trust employees in daily work and grant them power. For exmple, to share the revenue with the employees, it link the company earnings to employees salaries.
At the system level, it is necessary to establish a feedback mechanism for employee differences, praising employees whose opinions are taken and explaining reasons to those who are not taken.
For employees, there are 2 typical patterns to participate: the autonomy of workers (Mondragon Labor cooperative enterprise), the employee decision participation (Workers' committee) .
领导觉得员工的意见没啥用，为什么还要知道员工在想什么
国内外的区别
员工参与的重要性
参与措施的具体案例
参考：来源：5 劳动关系-重点-员工参与.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：5 劳动关系-重点-员工参与
植物生理学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn plant physiology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is Measurement of water content in plant tissue. The second is the effect of potassium ion on stomatal opening. In the first experiment, as we all know, water can evaporate into steam when heated, so we can measure the water content of plant tissue by drying method. First, take some green vegetable leaves into an aluminum box, and weigh the box to get the weight W1. Second, put the box in the dryer at 105 degrees Celsius to dry for 2 hours. Third, take out the box and weigh it to get the weight W2. Water content w equals W1 minus W2. In the second experiment, first, take three petri dishes, and add 15milliliter of 1% potassium nitrate(KNO3), 1% sodium nitrate(NaNO3), and distilled water respectively. Second, put the bean leaf epidermis into three petri dishes. Third, put 3 petri dishes in a 25 degrees Celsius incubator and keep them warm for half an hour. Forth, take out the three petri dishes and light them for half an hour. At last, observe the degree of stomatal opening under a microscope. We can get the result that the degree of stomatal opening of leaves in potassium nitrate solution is greater than the other two.
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn plant physiology better. I will mainly introduce one experiment called Measurement of water content in plant tissue. As we all know, water can evaporate into steam by heating, so we can measure the water content of plant tissue by drying method. First, take some green vegetable leaves into a box, and weigh the box to get the weight W1. Second, put the box in the dryer at 105 degrees Celsius to dry for 2 hours. Third, take out the box and weigh it to get the weight W2. Water content w equals W1 minus W2.
In the second experiment, first, take three petri dishes, and add 15milliliter of 1% potassium nitrate(KNO3), 1% sodium nitrate(NaNO3), and distilled water respectively. Second, put the bean leaf epidermis into three petri dishes. Third, put 3 petri dishes in a 25 degrees Celsius incubator for 30 minutes. Forth, take out the three petri dishes and light them for 30 minutes. At last, observe the degree of stomatal opening under a microscope.
We can get the result that the degree of stomatal opening of leaves in potassium nitrate solution is greater than the other two.
Potassium / pəˈtæsiəm / 钾
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：植物生理学实验
6 劳动关系-重点-员工关系管理
核心内容
Employee relationship management is a means for managers to achieve organizational goals and ensure added value for employees and the society. In my opinion, there are 3 important parts, they are: communication, working pressure, and employee diversity.
Communication
Good communication can regulate the behavior of employees, avoid conflicts and create corporate culture. There are many ways to communicate, such as: distribute questionnaires to collect employee opinions or hold a staff meeting.
问卷收集的方法
Working pressure
Pressure will generate a lot of problems in daily work. It can cause physical illness and also have a negative effect on psychology. Therefore, it is meaningful to deal with the pressure, such as offer training to employees and refrain from laying off employees.
Employee diversity
There are 3 paradigms for managing a diverse employee. The first paradigm emphasizes equality and fairness, it will encourage discriminated people to integrate into the company. The second one accepts the cultural differences between people, and believes that the differences is of greet value. The last one emphasizes the link between diversity and work, in my opinion, this one is the best paradigm, for which could help the company gets real value out of it.
参考：来源：6 劳动关系-重点-员工关系管理.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：6 劳动关系-重点-员工关系管理
分子生物学（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've learned four parts. The first part is nucleic acid. The second part is DNA replication. The third part is transcription. The forth part is translation. In the first part, we can divide nucleic acids into two categories: DNA and RNA. DNA carries the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of RNA and proteins, and it is an essential biological macromolecule for the development and normal operation of organisms. The structure of DNA is the double helix structure. RNA just has one strand. We can divide it into three categories: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. The main category is mRNA, which provides a template for protein synthesis and contains genetic codes. The second part is replication. DNA replicates during the period of mitosis or meiosis. The replication process of DNA is as follows. Firstly, two strands of DNA are divided by helicase. With a single chain as a template, according to the principle of base complementary, the sub chain is synthesized under the action of related enzymes. At last, one parent strand and one sub strand compose a new DNA. The third part is transcription. Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA with a determined single strand of DNA as a template in the action of RNA polymerase. The forth part is translation, which occurs in ribosome. Translation is the process of synthesizing amino acid sequence with a mRNA as a template.
In this course, I've learned two parts. The first part is nucleic acid. The second part is DNA replication. In the first part, we can divide nucleic acids into two categories: DNA and RNA. DNA carries the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of RNA and proteins, and it is an essential biological macromolecule for the normal operation and development of organisms. The structure of DNA is the double helix structure. The next category is RNA. RNA just has one strand. We can divide it into three categories: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. The main category is mRNA, which provides a template for protein synthesis. The second part is replication. DNA replicates during the period of mitosis or meiosis. The replication process of DNA is as follows. First, two strands of DNA are divided by enzyme. Next, with a single chain as a template, according to the principle of base complementary, the sub chain is synthesized under the function of related enzymes. At last, one parent strand and one sub strand compose a new DNA.
The third part is transcription. Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA with a determined single strand of DNA as a template in the action of RNA polymerase. The forth part is translation, which occurs in ribosome. Translation is the process of synthesizing amino acid sequence with a mRNA as a template.
DNA is DeoxyriboNucleic Acid / diˌɑːksiˌraɪboʊnuːˈkleɪɪk /
Helicase /ˈhelɪkeɪz / 解旋酶
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：分子生物学
7 劳动关系-重点-企业劳动关系管理案例与体验
核心内容
企业劳动关系管理案例与体验
Cases and experiences of enterprise labor relations management originally included the activity of watching labor arbitration in labor arbitration court, but this content are canceled due to pandemic. Therefore, this course focuses on learning various problems encountered in enterprise labor relations management, and the teaching content is carried out in the form of classroom discussion, and many questions do not have a final correct answer.
同性恋辞退案例
The background of this case is that a gay junior high school teacher propagated gay values to his students in class, and was later fired by the school after the parents of the students objected. The case focuses on the treatment of the gay community. In my opinion, the gay community is not fundamentally different from the straight community, so the dismissal of the teacher in this case was wrong. However, in this case, the teacher is not without fault. Young people in junior middle school are in the formation stage of love concept, and they have the right to freely choose their own orientation. However, what the teacher did would make students more prone to homosexuality, essentially depriving students of their right to freely choose. So I think the school should punish the teacher, but not by such extreme means as expulsion.
参考：来源：7 劳动关系-重点-企业劳动关系管理案例与体验.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：7 劳动关系-重点-企业劳动关系管理案例与体验
分子生物学实验（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn molecular biology better. I will mainly talk about two experiments. The first is the Extraction and Detection of Plant DNA. The second is the Extraction and Detection of Plant RNA. In the first experiment, first, take 1 gram of fresh leaves, mill them with liquid nitrogen thoroughly. Next, put the leaves into a centrifuge tube and add a little extraction liquid. Next, add an appropriate amount of isopropanol into the centrifuge tube, mix well. Next, Centrifuge for 20 minutes to obtain precipitation, wash twice with 70% alcohol. Next, add an appropriate amount of TE buffer and 3 microliter RNAse, then mix well. At this time we can get DNA which is in the tube. Take 1 microliter DNA sample and add 1.5 microliter Loading Buffer solution. We can detect the DNA properties by electrophoresis. In the second experiment, first, take 1 gram of leaves, grind them with liquid nitrogen, and add 1 milliliter of Trizol reagent. Next, centrifuge for 10 minutes to remove sediment. Next, add 0.5 milliliter isopropanol. Next, centrifuge for 10 minutes and remove solution. Next, wash once with 70% alcohol and add a little SDS solution. At this time we can get RNA which is in the tube. Take 1 microliter DNA sample and add 1.5 microliter Loading Buffer solution and 4 microliter water processed by DEPC. We can detect the RNA properties by electrophoresis.
In this course, I did some experiments to help me learn molecular biology better. I will mainly talk about one experiment called the Extraction and Detection of Plant DNA. In this experiment, firstly, take 1 gram of fresh leaves and mill them with liquid nitrogen. Next, put the leaves into a centrifuge tube and add a little extraction solution. Next, centrifuge for 20 minutes to obtain sediments, wash them twice with 70% alcohol. Next, add some TE buffer and 3 microliter RNAse, then mix well. At this time we can get DNA which is in the tube. Take 1 microliter DNA sample and add 1.5 microliter Loading Buffer solution. We can detect the DNA properties by electrophoresis.
In the second experiment, first, take 1 gram of leaves, grind them with liquid nitrogen, and add 1 milliliter of Trizol reagent. Next, centrifuge for 10 minutes to remove sediment. Next, add 0.5 milliliter isopropanol. Next, centrifuge for 10 minutes and remove solution. Next, wash once with 70% alcohol and add a little SDS solution. At this time we can get RNA which is in the tube. Take 1 microliter DNA sample and add 1.5 microliter Loading Buffer solution and 4 microliter water processed by DEPC. We can detect the RNA properties by electrophoresis.
Centrifuge /ˈsentrɪfju:dʒ / 离心 Electrophoresis / ɪˌlektrofəˈrisɪs / 电泳
centrifuge tube 离心管 pipette 移液枪
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：分子生物学实验
8 劳动关系-重点- 集体谈判
核心内容
The practical training of collective bargaining and negotiation strategies
This course focuses on practical operation. The final course is a collective bargaining simulation. The main learning content is: the preparation of negotiation, the writing of technical documents and the skills of the bargaining.
Preparation
The preparation takes the form of a group discussion. In the final exam, my position is the union. Therefore, the discussion focuses on proposal and planning of my own demands, such as raise salary and purchase health insurance
Technical documents
As for the writing of technical documents, the focus of the work is to organize the final results of the group discussion, and then make a list and classify all possible points that may be involved in the negotiation
Skills
In the final exam, as my role is the chairman of labor union, the main job for me is to avoid endless arguments and bargaining with the manager. There are a lot of skills to be used in the negotiation.
First of all, we should ensure the smooth progress of the negotiation. The first step is to look for ways in which both sides can gain ground, such as firing the HR manager who inflamed the conflict and led to the strike. The second step is to consider the interests of the other party, such as offering the plan to raise salary which can help the company increase its market share.
And then, we need to know how to make concessions. We should insist on the content. For example, the amount of salary increas
参考：来源：8 劳动关系-重点- 集体谈判.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：8 劳动关系-重点- 集体谈判
生命科学仪器与技术（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, I've mainly learned two instruments - Mass Spectrometer and Electron Microscope. Mass spectrometer is mainly used in the research of protein identification. For example, we can identify the amino acid sequence of the protein, molecular weight, etc. Mass spectrometer has the advantages of higher sensitivity, higher accuracy, and automation. The machine mainly consists of three parts: ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. The second machine is electron microscope. We can use the electron microscope to observe something clearly which cannot be seen by a normal optical microscope such as virus. The most difference between electron microscope and optical microscope is that electron microscope replaces the light beam and optical lens of optical microscope with electron beam and electron lens. The electron microscope magnifies 1000 times on the basis of an optical microscope.
In this course, I've mainly learned two instruments - Mass Spectrometer and Electron Microscope. Mass spectrometer is mainly used in the research of protein identification. For example, we can identify the amino acid sequence of the protein, molecular weight, etc. Mass spectrometer has the advantages of higher sensitivity, higher accuracy, and automation. The machine mainly consists of three parts: ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. The second machine is electron microscope. We can use the electron microscope to observe something clearly which cannot be seen by a normal optical microscope such as virus. The most difference between electron microscope and optical microscope is that electron microscope replaces the light beam and optical lens (of optical microscope) with electron beam and electron lens. The electron microscope magnifies 1000 times than the optical microscope.
Spectrometer / spekˈtrɑːmɪtər / 分光仪
Mass Spectrometer 质谱仪 Electron Microscope 电子显微镜
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：生命科学大型仪器
9 劳动关系-重点-劳动争议处理
核心内容
劳动争议处理
labor dispute resolution is a part of the labor relations, which focuses on the different mechanisms for resolving labor disputes and the evaluation basis for the identification of relationships.
处理机制
Chinese labor dispute resolution mechanism can be divided into four stages: consultation, mediation, arbitration and litigation. The arbitration shall be accepted by the labor arbitration Court. It shall be concluded within 45 days from the date of acceptance, and the time limit shall not over 15 days. If no decision is made within the time limit, the parties concerned may Sue the dispute in the Court and enter the litigation process. Negotiation and mediation are non-essential procedures, which seek reconciliation based on the will of both parties. Both parties can go back on their word and enter the arbitration process. The difference between the two is that negotiation is the behavior of both parties, while mediation adds the role of mediator between the two parties.
评判依据
The evaluation basis of labor relations is mainly judged from the following aspects: economic subordination, personality subordination, organizational subordination and related agreements. Economic subordination means that the employee is managed by the employer in terms of income, such as the payroll paid by the employer; Personality subordination refers to the employer's mandatory regulations on working hours, such as attendance records; Organizational subordination refers to the employee joining th
参考：来源：9 劳动关系-重点-劳动争议处理.docx｜专业：人力资源管理｜课程：9 劳动关系-重点-劳动争议处理
基因工程原理与方法（英文背诵稿）
核心内容
In this course, we simply learned about Genetic Engineering. The general definition of genetic engineering is that transfer the modified gene into the receptor cell to make the recombinant gene express in the receptor cell. This technology can be used in various fields, such as food, medicine, industry, etc. There are two main technologies in genetic engineering. The fist one is PCR, and another one is recombinant DNA. PCR is Polymerase chain reaction, which is a molecular biological technology used to amplify specific DNA fragments. The simple steps of PCR are as follows. First, heat to 90 to 95 degrees centigrade to break the double helix of DNA. Then, cool down to 40 to 60 degrees centigrade to combine the primers with the templates. Next, heat to 70 to 75 degrees and add Taq DNA polymerase. At last, repeat the steps outlined above. The characteristics of PCR include strong specificity, high sensitivity, simplicity and speed. In the section two, Recombinant DNA technology refers to combine genes from one organism with the carriers, and then transfer them into another organism. The simple operating steps are as follows. First, extract target genes. Then, combine target genes with carriers. Then, transfer them into the receptor cell. At last, detect the expression of the target genes.
In this course, I simply learned about Genetic Engineering. There are two main technologies in genetic engineering. The fist one is PCR, and another one is recombinant DNA. PCR is Polymerase chain reaction, which is a molecular biological technology used to amplify specific DNA fragments. The simple steps of PCR are as follows. First, heat to 90 degrees centigrade to break the double helix structure of DNA. Then, cool down to 50 degrees centigrade to combine the primers with the templates. Next, heat to 70 degrees centigrade and add Taq DNA polymerase. At last, repeat the steps outlined above. The second technology is Recombinant DNA, Recombinant DNA technology refers to combine genes from one organism with the carriers, and then transfer them into another organism. The simple operating steps are as follows. First, extract target genes. Then, combine target genes with carriers. Then, transfer them into the receptor cell. At last, detect the expression of the target genes.
The general definition of genetic engineering is transferring the modified gene into the receptor cell to make the recombinant gene express in the receptor cell. This technology can be used in various fields, such as food, medicine, industry.
The characteristics of PCR include strong specificity, high sensitivity, simplicity and speed.
PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymerase /ˈpɑ:lɪməˌreɪs / 聚合酶
参考：来源：生物科学 APS 英文背诵.docx｜专业：生物科学｜课程：基因工程（基因操作与DNA重组技术）