专业知识库（按学科 / 专业 / 课程）
按学科门类筛选，可继续下钻到具体专业与课程；内容为各课程复习要点，用于面谈与笔试备考。
电子商务概论（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
电商概论 Introduction to e-commerce
The course is divided into two parts: e-commerce and logistics. The important technologies of e-commerce include Internet and Web technology, database, security technology, financial payment technology and logistics. No regional restrictions, virtual and real combination, global market are its feature. Its models are B2C,B2B,C2C,C2B and O2O. It has time and space advantages, speed advantages, low cost and personalization. The logistics mode mainly includes self - operation, third - party logistics and logistics alliance. Logistics steps include preparation, storage, sorting and distribution of goods, transportation. Logistics also has supply chains, which are made up of suppliers, manufacturers, enterprises and consumers. Supply chain management focuses on planning, purchasing, manufacturing, distribution and returns.
互联网：LAN、MAN(metropolitan area network)、WAN
Web：HTML language、Java、Applets、CSS
安全：Digital Certificate（数字证书）
B2B: Amazon B2B: Alibaba C2C: Taobao C2B: Priceline O2O: Meituan
支付技术：Alipay, Wechat pay, Paypal
物流：自营：JingDong self-run 第三方：China Shipping Group
联盟：Yunda Express
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 24–32 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：电子商务概论
电子商务案例分析（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
电商案例分析 Case study of E-commerce
The trading platform takes Taobao as an example. Taobao, the largest online retailer in the Asia-Pacific region, is a popular online shopping platform in China. The main operating modes are B2C and C2C. C2C mode is the most typical business model of Taobao. The advantage of Taobao is that the cost of operation is very low, no entity is needed, the speed of building shops is very fast, the transaction is convenient and fast, and no limit. However, due to the low cost of opening stores, there are some quality problems of the sellers. Taobao also has the problem that the evaluation system is not perfect and the increasing cost leads to the difficulties of small sellers. However, relying on the support of national policies and developed online shopping environment, Taobao has great opportunities for development.
The payment platform takes Alipay as an example. It founded in 2004. Alipay is the most popular third-party platform in China. It makes money from service commissions, advertising and financial services. Alipay's advantages are large market share, a variety of products and services, and loan services. The disadvantage is that a large number of users do not know how to open the function, and there is information leakage in online transaction. Alipay's new short video function is an opportunity to drive more traffic. However, limited by market, the number of new users is short, and it is easy to lead to loss of wealth when trading.
产品服务：Ant Credit Pay（花呗）、online car-hailing
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 33–36 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：电子商务案例分析
IT项目管理（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
IT项目管理 IT Project Management
Project management has set up a special organization management, set up full-time management personnel, set up the project director of these three forms. IT projects are divided into four life cycle stages: identification, design, implementation and assessment. The life cycle is divided into waterfall model and prototype model. The steps of IT project management include managing cost motivation, project costing, tracking costs and monitoring. The cost is divided into human resource cost, management cost, asset cost, project special cost.
瀑布模型：Pincode（app） 螺旋模型：the culture model of Lenovo
人力资源成本：project member salary 管理费用：rent、machine cost
资产成本：computer、internet access 特殊费用：travel charge
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 37–41 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：IT项目管理
电子商务安全与支付（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
电子商务安全与支付 Electronic commerce security and payment
Security technology is mainly divided into e-commerce, network communication and electronic payment. Electronic commerce security technology includes encryption technology, authentication technology, secure electronic transaction and hacker prevention technology. Network communication security technology is divided into firewall technology and virtual private network. Electronic payment security technology is electronic payment protocol.
电商安全技术
加密技术：SSL3.0,communicate with secret keys
安全电子交易协议：digital certificate（数字证书）
黑客防范技术：firewall technology
网络通信安全技术
防火墙技术作用：more secure, limit user access, network address translation
虚拟专用网络：IPSec VPN
常用电子支付工具：mobile payment：take a bus or charge of water and electricity; online payment: Wechat, Alipay; electronic check; card-based payment: ATM, POS
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 42–51 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：电子商务安全与支付
电子商务网站建设（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
电子商务网站建设 e-commerce website building
Website construction first apply for the domain name and space, then locate the website and analyze the website function and demand, then design the website style, make the website code, test the website, and then improve the information and promote maintenance. Site layout is mainly resolution, reasonable advertising and space useage. Website design principles are easy to use, functional and practical, rich content, protect customer information, fast opening speed and high website quality.
域名：for locating computer 空间：store website files and information
定位网站：determine who, what and how to serve
风格设计：including color, fonts, layout, content, interactivity, etc
代码制作：HTML, ASP, PHP
测试：Tests include connection speed, how many users are allowed online at the same time, system error recovery ability, user information security, firewall, and whether the function is perfect
推广：there are many kinds of promotion, such as online media, Baidu, forms.
维护：maintenance is mainly about code(error checking, new web styles), database(regular backups) and serves(check virus) as well as regular updates to the site content, collection site data and optimize site layout.
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 52–60 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：电子商务网站建设
管理信息系统（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
管理信息系统 Management information system
Information system is a system for the purpose of processing information, can be divided into office, production, information systems. Information systems are mainly affected by production, organization and management. Its technical basis is data processing and organization, database technology and computer network.
计算机网络：（1）功能：Computer network functions include data communication, resource sharing, distributed management. （2）分类：LAN、MAN(in a same city but in different area)、WAN(between the different city)、wireless network(wifi)
系统的开发：System development, the first is to give a plan according to the needs, the second is to analyze the shortcomings of the old system, the third is to design the model according to the plan and analysis data, the fourth is to install the system and adjust, and the last is to maintain and record the system after operation.
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 61–64 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：管理信息系统
面向对象程序设计（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
面向对象程序设计 object-oriented programming
First, an object is something that has three properties: state, behavior, and identity. A class is a collection of objects that share the same structure and behavior. Inheritance describes relationships between classes. The feature of this program is encapsulation (storing all objects, attributes, and data in one entity), inheritance (when one object copies a feature of another object), and polymorphism (the different actions of different objects receiving the same information at the same time). The advantage is more convenient to expand the existing code, reduce the conversion process, convenient to control the software complexity. The disadvantage is that the operation efficiency is low and the content of class is too large
It's in C++. Common language types in C++ are integer constants, floating point, char, and arithmetic operators. There are break statement (exit the loop), continue statement (continue the loop), while statement (continue the loop if the condition is met, exit if it is not met), and for statement (loop within a certain range, exit beyond the range).
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 65–67 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：面向对象程序设计
企业经营管理（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
企业经营管理 enterprise operations management
The purpose of enterprise operation and management is first to provide the basis for the development direction, scale and speed of the enterprise, at the same time to sign contracts and make plans, and finally to make full use of all the resources of the enterprise. Management functions are divided into planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling. Marketing management is divided into discovery market and segmentation market, Target market, marketing mix.
职能：When a company plans a new product, it should first consider whether the product can conform to the company's future development direction, then consider whether the company has the corresponding conditions, such as staff and equipment, and then allocate tasks and resources to create greater benefits for the company.
如何发现市场：collect market information, such as questionnaires and data from supermarkets. Then, with the help of product model, the horizontal axis of the model represents the changes that may happen in the production process, and the vertical axis represents the various possibilities of product changes. Finally, market segmentation is carried out. The segmentation can be based on the location of the consumer, the age or gender of the consumer, the lifestyle of the consumer and the timing of the consumer to use the product.
市场营销组合：The strategy mainly includes product strategy, price strategy and promotion strategy. Product strategy can be considered from product quality, appearance, packaging and service; price strategy from product pricing, which is affected by transportation mode and regional distribution; promotion strategy mainly from publicity, promotion and advertising.
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 68–72 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：企业经营管理
数据仓库与数据挖掘（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
数据仓库与数据挖掘 data warehousing and database admin
Data warehouse consists of data extraction tools, databases, and metadata. Data mart, data warehouse management, information release system and access tools. To build a data warehouse, first collect and analyze the task requirements, then build a data model, define the data source, then choose the data warehouse technology and platform, extract data from the database to the data warehouse, then choose access tools, choose database connection software, finally choose data analysis, update the data warehouse. This can be linked to sql server. Data mining is to have a clear definition of the goal, that is, what you want to do. The mining algorithm I learned is called decision tree method, a method commonly used in forecasting models, such as weather forecasting, which will analyze all the data collected to predict what the future weather will be like
数据抽取工具：log table mode 访问工具：管理信息系统
数据库：sql server
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 73–76 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：数据仓库与数据挖掘
移动电子商务（APS 口述稿·中英）
核心内容
移动电子商务 mobile e-commerce
Mobile e-commerce can be divided into information service, mobile payment, mobile market, mobile enterprise application. Commonly used modes include app mode, mobile payment mode, wechat marketing mode and group purchase mode. Key technologies include mobile communication technology, mobile terminals, QR code technology, location services, html5. Mobile e-commerce is also limited by some conditions, such as technology restrictions, security restrictions, cost restrictions. The technology is mainly about the speed and reception of the network, and the connection will be disconnected when it exceeds the area. The security is mainly about the leakage of user information, and the cost is mainly about the high cost of mobile phone data and the low coverage of wifi in public places.
传统电商和移动电商的区别：Firstly, traditional e-commerce requires face-to-face communication and payment by check and cash, while mobile e-commerce uses electronic documents and online payment. Secondly, the center of traditional commerce is the manufacturer, while the center of mobile commerce is the seller. Finally, the geographical scope and product range of traditional e-commerce are limited, and mobile e-commerce is not limited by space and time.
参考：来源：电子商务aps资料.rar／实训.docx（第 77–79 段）｜专业：电子商务｜课程：移动电子商务
国际服务贸易
核心内容
APS文稿之国际服务贸易 International Trade in Service
国际服务贸易这个科目，如果你是国际贸易专业的话，这个科目需要更严谨的准备一下，如果你是经济类相关专业，当然这个科目算不太上TOP核心科目里面，但是也需要对整体框架了解，并且能说出几个核心知识点。
国际服务贸易是相对传统的货物贸易来说的。
International trade in services is relative to traditional trade in goods.Also called the service .
refers to the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer and consumer.
In this course ,this course mainly introduces 3 things:categories of international trade in service、Outsourcing of service trade and development status of service trade nowadays.
服务贸易的分类、服务贸易的外包、服务贸易的发展现状
Classification of service trade服务贸易的分类
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defines international trade in services as four categories:
1) Cross border delivery: service providers in a country provide services to consumers in the territory of another country. For example, lawyers in the United States provide legal advice to clients in the United Kingdom.
2) Overseas consumption: the service provider provides services to consumers from another country. For example, consumers of one country travel and study in the territory of another country
3) Commercial presence: A service provider of one member establishes a commercial or professional organization in the territory of another member to provide services to consumers in the latter's territory. For example, a member's bank or insurance company opens branches in the territory of another member to provide financial and insurance services.
4) Movement
参考：来源：5 金融相关专业 --- 国际服务贸易篇.docx｜专业：金融｜课程：国际服务贸易
跨国公司管理
核心内容
APS 文稿之Multinational Company Management 跨国公司经营与管理
Transnational -multinational corporation
basic concepts and classifications of transnational corporations. And then we learned several strategy for Multinational corporation.
在这个科目中，对于企业经营这部分肯定是更重要的，如何经营，使用什么策略，这都需要重点准备。 跨国企业经营还是比较容易被抽查到的科目。因为关于策略都是比较好自由发挥的话题。
Concept
基本定义是需要了解的。
What: A multinational company is an international large-scale enterprise engaged in production, sales and other business activities in two or more countries.
Classification
According to the nature of multinational companies' business projects, multinational companies can be divided into three types.
Resource development type multinational companies.
A resource-developing multinational company invests in foreign direct investment for the purpose of obtaining various resources and raw materials that are in short supply in the home country. Currently, resource-development multinationals company are still concentrated in the mining and oil extraction industries, such as the famous Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell.
Processing and manufacturing multinational companies. Such companies mainly focus on production and processing, importing a large amount of raw materials for processing and then exporting finished products. These companies mainly produce and operate steel, machinery and transportation equipment. General Motors, the world's largest automaker, is a typical representative of manufacturing multinationals.
Service-providing multinational companies.
参考：来源：6 金融相关专业---跨国公司管理篇.docx｜专业：金融｜课程：跨国公司管理
金融专业论文_APS内容梳理
核心内容
毕业论文：我国绿色认证对债券发行成本的影响
The Impact of Chinese Green Bond Certification on the Cost of Bond Issuance
债券市场当中，经过第三方绿色认证的债券被称为绿色债券。相比于非绿色的债券，绿色债券在中国享受财政补贴、税收优惠等。同时，由于第三方绿色债券认证是通过审核债券募集资金所投资的项目是环保项目来进行认证，因此市场投资者能更充分地了解债券项目信息，降低债券的风险。
在论文当中，我的自变量是“该债券是否进行第三方认证”，用一个虚拟变量衡量；因变量是债券发行利差（债券利率减去基准利率），来衡量绿色认证对债券发行成本的影响；债券的期限、规模、信用评级、发行人财务状况等均作为控制变量。通过多元线性回归，得出结论：第三方机构的绿色债券认证对债券发行利差具有显著的降低作用。因此，建议我国进一步完善绿色债券认证的相关制度体系。
（同时，由于中国的地方政府债券虽然其中很多募集资金用于环保，但未进行绿色认证，在此文章中建议未来对政府债券绿色认证工作的推进。一方面，让政府债券的信息披露更加充分；另一方面，便于更全面地统计绿色债券的数据以进行后续研究）
In the bond market, the third party green certificate bond is called the green bond. Compared with gernal bonds, green bonds in China enjoy financial subsidies, tax incentives and so on. At the same time, because the third-party Green Bond Certification is carried out by verifying that the projects invested by the funds raised by the bonds are environmental protection projects, market investors can understand the information of the bond projects more fully and reduce the risk of the bonds. In the paper, my independent variable is “Whether the bond is certified by a third party”, measured by a dummy variable; the dependent variable is the bond issue spread (the bond interest rate minus the benchmark rate) , to measure the impact of green certification on the cost of bond issuance, bond maturity, size, credit rating, issuer’s financial status and so on as control variables. Through multiple linear regression, the conclusion is drawn: the Third Party’s Green Bond Certification has the remarkable reduction function to the bond issue spread. Therefore, it is suggested that China further improve the green bond certification system.
可能涉及的名词解释：
绿色债券：债券募集资金用于环保项目的债券。
绿色债券认证：由第三方对债券的募集资金是否用于绿色项目进行的认证。
债券发行成本：债券的发行利率。
虚拟变量：这个变量的值只有0和1，用来区分两种状态。在本文中，进行绿色认证的债券用1表示；未进行的用0表示。
多元线性回归：多个自变量，一个因变量的回归分析。大概流程是：确定问题、收集数据、做回归、看式子中的回归系数、各变量的显著性检验、得出结果。
GB分类：节能、污染防治、资源节约与循环利用、清洁交通、清洁能源、生态保护和适应气候变化。
参考：来源：8_APS内容梳理.docx｜专业：金融｜课程：金融专业论文_APS内容梳理｜论文部分完整正文（第 1–14 段）
Multination Business Finance简要梳理
核心内容
Multination Business Finance (Finance Statement Analysis)
Traditional Assumptions:
The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) relates to the ability of capital markets to generate prices for securities that reflect worth. The market will not be efficient if the market does not have access to relevant information or if fraudulent information is provided.
Financial statements of legally separate entities may be issued to show financial position, income, and cash flow as they would appear.
The balance sheet shows the financial condition of an accounting entity as of a particular date.
Formula: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Assets: Cash, equipment, goodwill...
Liabilities: Accounts payable, debt...
Equity: common stock ...
The income statement summarizes the profit for a specific period of time.
Net Revenue = Gross margin + Cost of sales
Gross margin = Operating expenses + Operating income
Income before taxes= Provision for taxes + Net income
The statement of cash flows provides information that is critical for users to make informed decisions to determine the major sources and uses of cash.
Cash inflows: Decrease in assets, increase in liabilities or stockholders’ equity (Outflows same as…)
Cash provided (used) by: operating, investing, financing activities
Operating: Receipt from customers, Payment to suppliers
Investing: purchase of equipment, proceeds from sale of land
Financing: retirement of bonds payable, proceeds from common stock
Financial analysis: quantitative
参考：来源：Multination Business Finance简要梳理.docx｜专业：金融｜课程：Multination Business Finance简要梳理
国际金融 · 4 国际金融小结
核心内容
国际金融
一章小结
外汇是国际汇兑的简称，它有动态和静态两种含义，静态的外汇又有广义和狭义之分。我们通常所说的外汇，是指外汇的狭义概念，指以外币表示的可用于国际结算的支付手段。狭义的外汇具有3个基本特征：外币性、可自由兑换性和普遍接受性。
汇率是两种不同货币之间的比价，汇率的概念本身并不具有方向性。根据单位货币的不同，有两种不同的标价方法：直接标价法和间接标价法。从不同的角度，汇率可以分为基本汇率和套算汇率，买入汇率、卖出汇率、中间汇率和现钞价，即期汇率和远期汇率，单一汇率和复汇率，名义汇率和实际汇率，双边汇率和有效汇率。在金本位制下，汇率由铸币平价决定，并以黄金输送点为界限，因供求关系而围绕铸币平价上下波动。在纸币制度下，汇率变动已经不再有天然的制约，需要通过人为的方式进行维持和调整。汇率的变动表现为货币的贬值和升值两个方向。影响汇率变动的长期因素包括国际收支状况、相对通货膨胀率、经济增长率差异等；影响汇率变动的短期因素包括利率差异、各国汇率政策和对市场的干预、投机活动与市场心理预期等。
汇率决定理论是研究汇率如何决定和变动的理论。传统的汇率决定理论侧重于 流量分析，代表性理论包括购买力平价理论、利率平价理论和国际收支说。购买力 平价理论认为物价水平是决定汇率的主要因素；利率平价理论从金融市场角度分析 汇率与利率之间的关系；国际收支说认为国际收支状况决定着外汇的供求，进而影响汇率水平。
20世纪70年代末以来，资产市场说成为汇率决定理论的主流。该学说认为决定汇率的是存量因素而不是流量因素。依据本币资产与外币资产可替代性的不同假定，资产市场说可分为货币分析法与资产组合分析法。货币分析法假定国内外资产完全可替代，也就是两种资产的预期收益率相同，不存在资产组合的调整问题。资产组合分析法则假定两种资产完全不可替代。根据前提假定的不同，货币分析法又可分为弹性价格分析法和黏性价格分析法。弹性价格分析法假定价格是完全灵活可变的；黏性价格分析法又称汇率决定的超调模型，它假定在短时期内价格水平具有黏性。相比而言，弹性价格分析法对于分析长期汇率的变动趋势更有意义，而黏性价格分析法则更多地用于解释汇率的短期决定。资产组合分析法认为，理性的投资者会将其拥有的财富按照风险与收益的比较，配置于可供选择的各种资产上。由于资产组合中包括外国债券，投资者将财富在不同资产形式之间进行转换时会引起汇率的变动。
从实证研究的结果看，已有的汇率决定理论都难以有效解释浮动汇率制度下的汇率决定与变动。20世纪80年代以来，很多学者不断寻求对传统理论的突破，将汇率决定理论的发展推向了一个新的阶段。
二章小结
国际收支是一国宏观经济变量中反映对外经济关系的最主要指标。随着国际交往范围的日益扩大及国际货币制度的发展，国际收支的概念经历了一个不断演化的过程，从最初的贸易收支、外汇收支，到目前的广义国际收支。国际收支是流量概念，反映一个经济体的居民与非居民之间的经济交易。
国际收支平衡表是一国国际收支的具体体现，按照复式簿记原理，采用借贷记账法，运用货币计量单位编制，所包含的信息对政府的宏观决策及居民的微观行为都有重要的参考价值。根据国际货币基金组织出版的《国际收支和国际投资头寸手册》（第六版）的规定，国际收支账户所记录的交易项目可分为经常账户、资本账户、金融账户、误差与遗漏账户四大类，其中前两项属于国际收支平衡表的标准组成部分。经常账户是指对实际资源在国家间的流动行为进行记录的账户，包括货物、服务、收入和经常转移等项目。资本账户记录非生产非金融资产的取得和处置，包括两项内容：资本转移和非生产
参考：来源：4 国际金融小结.docx｜专业：金融｜课程：国际金融