专业知识库（按学科 / 专业 / 课程）
按学科门类筛选，可继续下钻到具体专业与课程；内容为各课程复习要点，用于面谈与笔试备考。
国际贸易实务（2）
核心内容
· 课程框架（16章）：国际贸易实务全流程，从外贸经营资格办理 → 交易前准备 → 谈判 → 合同订立 → 合同条款（品名/品质/数量/包装、贸易术语、运输、保险、价格、结算、检验索赔不可抗力仲裁）→ 合同履行（出口/进口）→ 违约救济 → 贸易方式 → 电子商务。
· 1. 办理外贸业务相关手续（外贸经营主体准入与合规流程）
· 办理组织机构代码登记手续
· 办理对外贸易经营资格备案手续
· 办理海关注册登记手续
· 办理检验检疫部门备案手续
· 办理外汇账户开户手续
· 办理出口退税认定手续
· 2. 进出口交易前的准备
· 进口交易前的准备
· 出口交易前的准备（原图两条同名，据课程逻辑应为出口准备）
· 3. 商务谈判
· 商务谈判前的准备
· 商务谈判的主要形式
· 商务谈判的主要步骤
· 4. 进出口合同的订立
· 进出口合同的形式
· 进出口合同生效的条件
· 进出口合同的主要内容
· 5. 商品的品名、品质、数量与包装（合同标的条款）
· 商品的品名（Name of Commodity）
· 商品的品质（Quality of Goods）
· 商品的数量（Quantity）
· 商品的包装（Packing）
· 6. 国际贸易术语（Incoterms）
· 国际贸易术语概述
· 主要贸易术语
· 其他国际贸易术语
· 国际贸易术语的选用
· 7. 国际货物运输
· 国际货物运输方式
· 进出口合同中的运输条款
· 运输单据（Shipping Documents）
· 运费核算
· 8. 国际货物运输保险
· 保险的基本原则
· 国际货物运输保险的承保范围
· 我国海洋运输货物保险险别
· 我国其他方式运输货物保险条款
· 伦敦保险协会海运货物保险条款（Institute Cargo Clauses, ICC）
· 进出口合同中的保险条款
· 保险单据
· 9. 商品的价格
· 进出口合同中的价格条款
· 佣金（Commission）和折扣（Discount）
· 进口报价与出口还价核算
· 10. 国际货款结算
· 结算票据（汇票 Draft、本票 Promissory Note、支票 Cheque）
· 基于商业信用的结算方式（如汇付 Remittance、托收 Collection）
· 基于银行信用的结算方式（如信用证 L/C）
· 转嫁风险的结算方式
· 各种结算方式的选用
· 进出口合同中的结算条款
· 11. 检验、索赔、不可抗力与仲裁
· 进出口商品检验条款（Inspection）
· 索赔条款（Claim）
· 不可抗力条款（Force Majeure）
· 仲裁条款（Arbitration）
· 12. 出口合同的履行（流程顺序）
· 备货 → 催证、审证、改证 → 出口报验 → 租船订舱和装运 → 出口报关 → 办理保险 → 制单结汇 → 出口收汇核销 → 出口退税
· 13. 进口合同的履行（流程顺序）
· 信用证的开立和修改 → 安排运输和保险 → 审单与对外付款赎单 → 进口报关 → 进口货物接货与检验 → 进口付汇核销
· 14. 违约与救济（Breach & Remedies）
· 各国法律对违约及救济的规定
· 对买方违约的救济方法（原文"买房"应为"买方"）
· 对卖方违约的救济方法
· 对第三方违约的救济方法
· 15. 国际贸易方式
· 经销（Distribution）与代理（Agency）
· 寄销（Consignment）与代理
· 招标（Tender）与投标（Bid）
· 加工贸易（Processing Trade）
· 对等贸易（Counter Trade）
· 期货贸易（Futures Trading）
· 16. 国际电子商务
· 电子商务的概念与分类
· 电子商务与国际贸易
· 电子商务中的法律问题
· 易考点提示
· 出口/进口合同履行的步骤顺序（第12、13章）常考流程排序。
· 贸易术语（Incoterms）的分类与选用（第6章）为高频考点。
· 结算方式按信用基础分类：商业信用 vs 银行信用（第10章）。
· 保险险别：我国海洋运输货物保险 vs 伦敦保险协会条款（ICC）的对应关系（第8章）。
参考：来源：国际贸易实务.jpg｜专业：国际经济与贸易｜课程：国际贸易实务
国际贸易实务类(1
核心内容
国际贸易实务Practice in International Trade √
国际结算 International Settlement √
国际货物运输保险International Transportation and Insurance （Structure）
国际贸易单证实务International Document Business √
国际贸易实务综合实验Comprehensive experiment in International Business √
报关实务Custom Declaration Practice √
9.23-9.25 整理完成
国际贸易实务Practice in International Trade
This is one of a basis course of my major.
I learned a series of procedures involved in international trade it’s such a huge concept and this process involved in different subjects such as Buyers and sellers, transportation companies, insurance companies (this is related to international cargo transportation and insurance). It is obvious that banks are also one of them (this involves international settlement). Customs (customs declaration practice), so I would like to say that this course actually constructs a framework, and we learn the contents of this framework in other courses.买卖双方，运输公司，保险公司（这和国际货物运输与保险有关），很明显，银行也是其中之一（这涉及国际结算），海关（报关实务）所以我想说，这个课程其实是构建了一个框架，在其他课上我们实际上也学习这个框架里的内容。
进出口贸易流程：
签订 Sales contract——根据不同的结算方式：如信用证L/C，则买方需要开立并予以卖方——办理运输（租船订舱）取得提单——根据不同的贸易术语办理保险（如CIF术语，卖方需要办理保险）——根据货物类型决定是否报检——报关——货物运抵目的地——卖方报关
但是这个课我们的主要的关注点为focus is
But I mainly learned the Sales contract :how to make it and something about it content so on and so forth,
The Process of How to Make a Sales Contract
Export business Negotiation出口交易磋商
出口企业为了售出某个货物与国外客户就各项交易进行洽商，以期达成协议的过程。
口头：
比如邀请外国企业来访，参加各种商品交易会；由我派遣出国推销人员；电话洽谈
书面：交换信件；电报；电传，广泛的使用电子邮件
General terms and condi
参考：来源：国际贸易实务类(1.docx｜专业：国际经济与贸易｜课程：国际贸易实务类
人力资源管理 Human resource management
核心内容
人力资源管理 Human resource management
人力资源管理定义：是对企业组织的人和事物的管理，处理人与人之间的关系，并对人的各种活动予以计划、组织、指挥和控制，以实现组织目标。It is the management of people and things in enterprises,and dealing with the relationship between people, and planning, organizing, commanding and controlling various activities of people, so as to achieve organizational goals.
员工培训与发展 staff training and development
1.培训的具体方法：Specific methods of training：
（1）讲授法（The lecture method）
(2)实践参与法（群体讨论、分析案例）Practical participation method (group discussion, case analysis)
(3)态度培训法（角色扮演）3.Attitude training method（Role playing：Simulate everyday work scenarios）
人力资源培训模型（the model of human resource)
首先确认组织和个人的需要——设置目标——拟定方案——进行培训活动——进行总结评价,这是一个循环的过程
First, identify the needs of the organization and individuals(usually by questionnaire) -- set goals -- make plan -- carry out training activities -- and make a summary evaluation。It's a circular process.
3.在期末考试，我们模拟了企业员工培训In the final exam, we simulated corporate employee training,我们制作了ppt，并将观众模拟为培训员工，我们所选择的公司是烟草公司。我们设计的培训方法是讲授法和实践参与法，有三个部分：一是介绍企业历史，二是由模拟总经理的人made a speech，三是专业技能培训，因为我们选择培训的岗位是tobacco regulatory post，我们采用了watched the training video, look fake cigarette model and let trainee finshed the exam paper的方式(遇到的困难：很多其他组选择职业礼仪的培训比如接打电话和服务顾客，因此他们可以用态度培训法（role playing）设置很多展示环节，更加有趣，但烟草公司是国有企业，培训很正式，有很多理论知识，所以我们没有选择简单的理论讲述而是让设置了视频、假烟模型，和考卷let the boring theoretical knowledge more vivid
员工绩效考评 staff performance evaluation
绩效概念：绩效对于组织而言是任务在数量、质量以及效率等方面完成的情况，对于员工而言是上级和同事对自己工作状况的评价。
For the or
参考：来源：人力资源管理 Human resource management.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：人力资源管理 Human resource management
公共关系public relations
核心内容
公共关系public relations
概念：是组织机构与公众之间的沟通与传播关系
It is a communication and spread relations between the Organization and the public.
传播媒介the medium of public relation
medium of language：face to face communication
Medium of printing: newspaper\journal\book
Medium of electronics：broadcast\television\internet
公关的程序：the p.r. process
Four steps:调查--策划--实施--评估
调查：通过问卷法、访谈法、抽样调查法等方法获取信息，了解情况，发现问题，确认公关目标
Investigation: Through questionnaire, interview, sample survey and other methods to obtain information, understand the situation, find problems, confirm the target of public relations
2.策划：根据公关问题确定公关目标，制定公关计划和设计公关方案
Planning: According to the problems to determine the objectives, make public relations plans and design the programs
实施：根据公关的目标、计划和方案实施各种传播沟通活动
Implementation: Implement various communication activities according to the objectives, plans and programs of public relations
评估：根据调查、反馈的信息评估公关活动的效果，寻找新的问题，确立新的公关目标，调整原有的公关计划。
Evaluation: Evaluate the effect of public relations activities according to the survey and feedback information, find new problems, establish new objectives, and adjust the original plan.
危机管理
公关危机管理是指组织通过科学的预估和决策，制定合理的公关危机应急计划，在对公关危机发生时，运用科学的手段减少组织和公众带来的负面影响，并寻求公众对组织的谅解，以重新树立和维护组织的形象。
Public relations crisis management refers to that the organization makes a reasonable public relations crisis emergency plan through scientific estimation and decision-making. When a public relations crisis occurs, the organization uses scientific means to reduce the negative impac
参考：来源：公共关系public relations.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：公共关系public relations
公共选修课·大数据应用与分析 · 公共选修课(1
核心内容
大数据应用与分析Big Data Applicants and Analyse
If my memory served, this course was a practical class.
如果我记得没错的话，这门课程更偏向于实践，在课程的结束我们写了一篇论文作为考核方式
Which means we were not learning many theoretical things such as concept in class
,to get the information we want ...书写爬虫代码
At the end of the course, we wrote a paper as an assessment method
It’s mainly about two parts : that is accessing data and data analyse
You know,Mine paper concerned about the tourism ,
I analyse the distribution of tourists in famous tourist destinations and scenic spot in a fixed period in Nanjing and collect information about the feedback of the tourists (about their feeling )in order to give some suggestion to the tourism administration of China to solve many problems.
(一)Information searching
The method for searching information is multiple and diverse
1.During the class ,we were taught a lot of things about how to take advantage of Python to write a
code of “internet worm”,this is what I use to analyse and count some opinions of tourists on different reviewing page such as Weibo and Little red book in China.this can actually show some problems
If there are many comments about the environmental sanitation of the scenic spot, the scenic spot is high likely to have such problems/.
2.Baidu Index takes Baidu as the basic platform, updates the values every day, and displays keyword data in any period of time. The search index is calculated according to the number of times users use a keyword to search in a certain p
参考：来源：公共选修课(1.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：公共选修课·大数据应用与分析
公司治理corporate governance
核心内容
公司治理corporate governance
一、概念：公司治理的定义是通过一套正式或非正式的制度或者机制来协调公司与所有利益相关者之间的利益关系，以保证公司决策的科学化，从而维护公司各方面利益。
Corporate governance is a set of formal or informal systems or mechanisms（机制） to coordinate the interests of the company and all stakeholders（利益相关者） in order to ensure the scientific decision-making of the company and thus to maintain the interests of all parties in the company.
（利益相关者stakeholders：企业的利益相关者主要包括企业股东、企业内部员工、债权人、供应商和零售商。
The stakeholders of the enterprise mainly include enterprise shareholders, internal employees, creditors, suppliers and retailers.）
公司治理的机制：Corporate governance mechanism:
决策机制：董事会是公司治理的决策机构，董事会被要求具有高度的独立性是因为一旦被几个大股东和机构所摆布，就会损害大多数小股东的利益，并影响公司治理。
1.decision-making mechanism: As the decision-making body of corporate governance, the board of directors is required to have a high degree of independence ，because once it is pushed around by a few major shareholders and institutions, it will damage the interests of the most of minority shareholders and affect the corporate governance.
监督机制：监督机制是公司所有者对经营者的经营行为和结果 进行有效审核与控制的 制度设计。
包括内部监督管理和外部监督，内部监督机制是指股东大会、董事会等监督机制；外部监督机制指媒体、中介机构等的监督机制
The supervision mechanism is the system design that the owner of the company use to check and control the manager’s operation behavior and result.
Including internal supervision and external supervision, internal supervision mechanism is the general meeting of shareholders, board of directors and other supervision mechanisms; External supervision mechanism is the media or s
参考：来源：公司治理corporate governance.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：公司治理corporate governance
创业管理
核心内容
创业管理 entrepreneurial management
一、概念：创业是指发现、创造和利用适当的创业机会,创立新的事业，并整合资源，把商机转化为盈利模式的过程或活动
Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying, creating and exploiting appropriate entrepreneurial opportunities to create new businesses and combining resources to turn business opportunities into profitable models
the characteristic of entrepreneurship创业的特征
find business opportunities
Integrate Resources(integrate personal skills like intelligence and money,products,service and dates)
Create value ( the Value lies in promoting economic and social development）
Action in advance(because the market is developing rapidly,if do not take timely action,its easy to lose the opportunity)
Customer orientation(because the enterprise's efforts and costs must be converted into profits and revenues through customers' purchases)
发现商机
整合资源（整合个人能力、金钱、产品、服务和数据）
创造价值（价值在于推动经济社会发展）
提前行动（因为市场是迅速发展的，如果没有及时采取行动就容易失去机会）
顾客导向（因为企业的付出和成本必须通过顾客的购买转化为利润和收入）
How to find business ideas,there are three methods to discover it)发现商业创意
I can use some famous company’s example to explain how they grab business ideas
1.capturing environmental changes抓住环境变化
For example,in society,because people are more and more concerned about health,so the new business ideas are health club,weight loss center or healthy food store.And the curves international company and GNC nutrition center are success because they found people's demand in fitness market。
2.find unresolved problems发现尚未解决的问题
e.g.：the famous company： Federal express corporat
参考：来源：创业管理.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：创业管理
员工招聘管理Staff recruitment Management · 副本员工招聘管理Staff recruitment Management
核心内容
员工招聘管理Staff recruitment Management
The definition of employee recruitment:
refers to the recruitment of excellent and suitable people into the enterprise according to the requirements of the business strategy planning, and put the right people in the right position.
员工招聘的定义：是指按照企业经营战略规划的要求把优秀、合适的人招聘进企业，把合适的人放在合适的岗位。
员工招聘的流程：
招聘准备阶段：组织内外部环境分析——制定相应招聘计划
实施阶段：招募人员——筛选应聘者——录用决策
评估阶段：对于上述过程进行总结（评估经济效率和时间效率），为之后的招聘工作提供有用经验。
Staff recruitment process:
1. Recruitment preparation : analyze the internal and external environment of the organization -- make recruitment plans
2. Implementation : recruiting personnel -- screening applicants --make hiring decisions
3. Evaluation : summarize the above process (evaluate economic efficiency and time efficiency), and provide useful experience for future recruitment work.
relationship
问题
常见的招聘渠道：现场招聘、网络招聘、校园招聘、内部招聘、人事外包
现场招聘：企业和人才通过第三方提供的场地，直接进行面对面的对话，现场完成招聘。比如应届毕业生专场和IT类人才专场。（限制范围）
On-site recruitment: Enterprises and applicants can have a face to face dialogue in the site provided by the government or talent agencies,and complete on-site recruitment. For example, fresh graduates and IT talent special session.
网络招聘：企业在企业网站或者专业招聘网站发布招聘信息，并进行简历筛选仔选择候选人。（不确定真实性）Enterprises publish recruitment information on corporate websites or professional recruitment websites, and screen the resume then choose candidates
校园招聘：企业到学校张贴海报，开展宣讲会，吸引即将毕业的学生前来应聘。（学生需要培训。）Campus recruitment: Companies put up posters in schools and carry out campus recruitment to attrac
参考：来源：副本员工招聘管理Staff recruitment Management.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：员工招聘管理Staff recruitment Management
生产运营管理 Production and operations management · 副本生产运营管理 Production and operations management
核心内容
生产运营管理 Production and operations management
概念：生产运作管理是对生产运作系统的设计，运行与维护过程进行管理，
Production operation management is to manage the design, operation and maintenance process of the production operation system. It includes planning, organizing and controlling the production operation activities.
2.2生产设施选址Location of production facilities
就是要确定在何处建立服务生产设施，可以让供应基地、制造基地、仓储中心和配送中心的的综合布局优化。比如选择运输和人力成本费用最少，容易获得劳动力，并且社会稳定，气候适宜的地方
It is to determine where to locate the service production facilities, so that the integrated layout of supply base, manufacturing base, storage center and distribution center can be optimized. For example, choose a place where transportation and labor costs are minimized and labor is easily available, And the place with stable society and favorable climate.
生产系统的运行
3.1通过反复试验法制定生产大纲 make production outline by trial and error method
反复试验法：通过直觉或者经验得到一种方法，在实践这种方法时发现问题，并做出改进，再加以实践Develop a method through intuition or experience, identify problems as you practice it,then make improvements, and practice again.
3.2库存管理Inventory management
库存是为满足未来需求而暂时闲置的资源Inventory is resources that are temporarily idle to meet future demand
一要有完善的库存记录系统 a perfect inventory record system
二要有可靠的需求预测 reliable demand forecasts
三要确定有关费用 determined the relevant expenses（holding costs and ordering costs)
四要使用ABC分类法，即对于占资金多的物资加强控制，对于占资金少的物资实施宽松的管理 to strengthen the control of materials that account for more funds, and to implement loose control of materials that account for less funds
！4.绿色制
参考：来源：副本生产运营管理 Production and operations management.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：生产运营管理 Production and operations management
商务谈判
核心内容
商务谈判
概念：商务谈判是指在商务活动中为满足各方经济利益而进行的谈判。Business negotiation is the negotiation in business activities to meet the economic interests of all parties.
学这门课的目的、好处：business negotiation is developed under the condition of commodity economy,without it, economic activity is hard to get going ,from the bargaining in daily life to the coorperation and communication between enterprises and countries.
商务谈判是在商品经济的条件下发展起来的，没有它，从日常生活中的议价到企业与国家之间的合作与交流，经济活动很难进行。
讲了什么知识：
商务谈判的类型：
一对一谈判one to one negotiation,(nagotiation bewteen a salesman and a customer)
小组谈判 team talks (the most commom type）
In my final exam,what we simulated was group negotiation,me and my team members have our own specific responsibilites.
大型谈判 large-scale negotiation
It are often used for negotiations between national projects， because of the potential impact on national prestige,it requires adequate preparations and have to including many senior advisors and professionais。这个经常用于国家项目之间的谈判，因为潜在的影响国家声誉，它需要充分的准备，并必须包括许多高级顾问和专业人员。
主场谈判和客场谈判：depending on the region of the negotiations there are also host negotiation and guest negotiation(the host negotiation is conducted in his own place, which can bring a lot of benefits to the host,not easily nervous in a familiar environment and You can rely on your own information channels and can easily communicate with your superiors.根据谈判区域的不同，也有主人谈判和客人谈判(主人谈判是在自己的地方进行的，这可以给主人带来很多好处，在熟悉的环境中不容易紧张，你可以依靠自己的信息渠道，可以很容易地与上级沟通。
谈判内容：the content of it is usually the price,quantity ，packing，mode of
参考：来源：商务谈判.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：商务谈判
制药工艺学（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
制药工艺学的内容是药物生产过程中的共性规律以及一些典型的应用，例如选择和设计工艺路线，工艺路线就是合适的原料和目标产品之间的一系列化学反应过程；确定合适的工艺参数（process parameter）（温度、压力、投料比例）以确保产品质量合格而且可控。以及研究药物制备的原理。
在第一章中我学习了确定制药工艺的三个具体步骤，第一步为小试阶段，这一阶段的目的是在实验室中从原料开始可以实现合成产物（regardless of the amount of the product produced），通过研究化学合成反应的规律，初步打通工艺路线，确定工艺参数。第二步是中试放大（pilot scale-up），在工厂条件下，将小试工艺放大，研究放大后工艺参数的变化。对工艺路线进行优化。这一步也是大部分第三步是通过试生产对工艺全流程进行验证，并且制定生产规程。
制药工艺分为三大类型，第一个是全合成，即从简单化工原料出发，经过一系列化学反应和物理处理过程（冷却，蒸馏，萃取）制得药物。第二个是半合成，区别在于半合成是从自然动植物中提取已经具有一定复杂化学结构的天然产物中进行改造和修饰生产药物。第三则是生物技术制药，其与化学制药的区别是化学制药通过多步反应合成药物，而生物技术通过一步反应在生物反应器中合成药物
衡量制药工艺中，我们面临着多种因素之间的权衡：合成路线的尽可能简短，反应步骤少；原辅材料的简单易得，低廉；反应条件易于控制，对设备的要求不苛刻（比如常温常压生产最好，不需要加压或低温设备）；排出废料少或易于处理，绿色环保；最后收率最好，成本最低，经济效益好。
手性制药技术也是我们的课程中非常重要的一个章节，我相信每一个中国的化学和药学生都在课堂中听过一个例子，thalidomide scandal, 沙利度胺1953年被发明用作镇定药（tranquilizer）,and was later marketed by the german pharmaceutical company called chemie grunenthal as a medication for anxiety, trouble sleeping, what people didn’t realize is that there are 2 different 光学异构体（optical isomers），R构型是安全的，而S构型导致了上百个新生儿的海豹肢症状，新生儿出生后百日内死亡。手性碳是指连接了4个完全不同的基团。手性碳的R；S构型判断方式：将4个基团按从大到小排序，将最小的基团放在观察者最远的位置（画一个正四面体）基团从大到小顺时针则手性碳是R型。赤型是两个手性碳上相同的原子和基团都在同一侧。苏型相反。
接下来我将以一个具体药物的制造工艺为实例介绍上述所提到的理论，就是氯霉素的生产工艺，氯霉素是人工合成的广谱抗生素，是治疗伤寒疾病的首选药物，它的合成工艺较为成熟，是教科书中介绍全合成工艺的范例。它的基本结构是D-苏型-N-[α-（羟基甲基）-β-羟基-对硝基苯乙基]-2,2-二氯乙酰胺。有两个手性碳，说明有4个光学异构体，但只有一种是有药效活性的，（两个都是R）。接下来确定这个化合物的基本骨架，基本骨架是苯基丙烷（一个苯环连着丙烷）。接下来看四个需要连接的取代基，分别是1位的羟基，2位的2，2-二氯乙酰胺可以先连接卤原子，胺化后引入氨基，再把氨基乙酰化。3位的羟基可以用酯基还原或者使2位C上有活泼氢，脱去活泼氢后2位C变成碳负离子，进攻甲醛上带正电的碳离子。4位苯环上硝基的引入采用混酸硝化。接下来继续拆解基本骨架，分为了从苯甲基结构出发和苯乙基结构出发的共7种潜在的合成路线。
路线一：对硝基苯甲醛和甘氨酸为原料，经过6步反应得到产物，优点：合成步骤少，所需物料品种和设备少，但是因为第一步需要消耗大量的对硝基苯甲醛，假如原料用量变少，则会出现大量不需要的另一种光学异构体。而且还原剂Ca(BH4)2价格昂贵
第二条是对硝基苯甲醛和乙醛缩合得到对硝基肉桂醇的路线，特征是溴水对烯烃的双键进行加成同时在1位引入羟基和2位引入溴
第三条与第二条类似，但是使用苯甲醛为原料，在最后一步才在苯基上引入硝基，因为这一步需要在低温下进行（-20℃），需要额外引入制冷设备。
现实中采用的路线4是以乙苯为原料经过对硝基苯乙酮
第五条路线：以乙苯为原料经过对硝基苯乙酮肟合成，除了前几步与路线4不同，使用到了对硝基苯乙酮肟为中间体，不需要的光学异构体会直接沉淀析出，不需要分离，但是工艺过程更加复杂
第六条路线是以苯乙烯为原料，经过α-羟基对硝基苯乙胺，优点是原料简单易得，合成路线简单，大部分步骤收率较高，缺点是胺化的步骤收率不理想
第七条路线是以苯乙烯为原料制成β-卤代苯乙烯经过prins反应。有点事合成步骤短，前四部中间体均为液体，可以实现连续自动化操作，缺点是需要使用高压反应设备和高真空度蒸馏设备。造成额外的价格和安全风险。
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜制药工艺学aps中文稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：制药工艺学
国际贸易理论与实务 Theory and Practice of International Trade · 国际贸易理论与实务Theory and Practice of International trad
核心内容
国际贸易理论Theory of International trade
第一部分：国际贸易理论
概念
国际贸易是世界各国之间货物和服务的交换活动。包括有形产品：实物产品和无形产品：服务、技术、咨询。
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries in the world. Including tangible products: physical products and intangible products: services, technology, consulting.
自由贸易理论
绝对优势理论：国际贸易原因是各国之间存在生产率和生产成本的绝对差异，各国要生产和其他国家相比生产劳动成本绝对低的商品来进行国际交换。
Theory of absolute advantage: The reason for international trade is that there are absolute differences in productivity and production costs among countries. Countries have to produce goods with absolutely low production costs than other countries for international exchange.
比较优势理论：国际贸易原因是各国间劳动生产率和生产成本的相对差异。各国要生产商品中相比较生产成本低的商品来进行国际交换。
Comparative advantage theory: The reason for international trade is the relative differences in labor productivity and production costs among countries. Countries are expected to produce the relatively low-cost goods for international exchange.
例子说明区别：
例如，A国每天可生产出土豆3000斤，手机4000台。b国每天可生产出土豆2000斤，手机2000台。
绝对优势就是a国在土豆和手机的生产量上都大于b国，所以a国相比b国拥有绝对优势。
那么比较优势就是，虽然b国生产两种商品的效率都低于a国，但是b国土豆的生产量比a国低1.5倍，b国手机的生产量比a国低2倍，所以相比之下，b国在生产土豆上拥有比较优势，a国在手机上拥有比较优势，双方交换后都能获得比较利益。
For example, Country A can produce 3,000 kilograms of potatoes and 4,000 mobile phones per day. Country B produces 2,000 kilograms of potatoes and 2,000 mobile phones per day.
Absolute advantage means that country A has greater production of potatoes and mobile phones than Country B, so Country A has absolute advantage over country B
参考：来源：国际贸易理论与实务Theory and Practice of International trad.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：国际贸易理论与实务 Theory and Practice of International Trade
仪器分析方法（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
我在第4个学期上了这门仪器分析方法的课程，仪器分析方法是采用了复杂和特殊的仪器设备，来获取物质的化学组成化学结构和成分含量等信息的一系列方法，是分析化学下面的一个分支。
In the fourth semester, I took this course of instrumental analysis method. Instrumental analysis method is a series of methods that adopt complex and special instruments and equipment to obtain the information of chemical composition, structure of substances or mixtures, it is a field of analytical chemistry.
在这门课程中我主要学习了色谱法，包括气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法以及紫外光谱法，也对红外光谱法、nmr和质谱法做了初步的了解。
In this course, I mainly learned chromatography, including gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet spectroscopy, and also made a preliminary understanding of infrared spectroscopy, nmr and mass spectrometry.
首先我想介绍色谱法，色谱法是一种通过分离多组分混合物来分析混合物成分的有效方法。它的原理是，混合物各组分在互不相溶的两相间进行反复多次的分配，由于组分在性质和结构上的差异，不同组分在色谱柱中前进的速度不同，从色谱柱中流出的次序也不同。
First I would like to talk about chromatography, which is an effective way to analyze the composition of a mixture by separating a mixture into several pure substanace. Its principle is that the components of the mixture are distributed repeatedly in the two insoluble phases(the mobile phase is usually gass or liquid and the stationary phase are usually liquid or solid). Because of the differences in the nature and structure of the components, different components advance at different speeds in the chromatographic column, and the order of outflow from the chromatographic column is different.(This allocation can be adsorption or dissolution or ion exchange).
有一个原理可以描述色谱分离过程，叫做塔板理论，塔板理论规定，一个色谱柱中的固定相被分为多层塔板。同时每个组分在塔板上都会达到分配平衡。假设有两个组分A和B，组分A的极性高，因此在极性溶剂中的溶解度高于非极性溶剂，当我们选用极性溶剂作为流动相时，非极性溶剂为固定相时，大部分的A不会存在于固定相中，而会随着流动相进入下一级塔板，而极性弱的B则刚好相反，因此在第二层塔板中流动相中A的比例大大提高，在第二层中发生同样的分配过程，依次类推，经过多层塔板分配之后，当流动相流出色谱柱时，几乎可以得到纯粹的组分A。
There is one principle that can describe the process of chromatographic separation, it’s called tray theory. Tray theory states that the stationary phase in a column is divided into multiple trays. At the same time, each component will reach a distribution balance on every tray. Suppose there are two components A and B, and the polarity of component A is high, so the solubility of component A in polar solvent is higher than that of non-polar solvent. When polar solvent is used as mobile phase and non-polar solvent is fixed phase, most of A will not exist in the fixed phase, but will enter the next level of tray along with the mobile phase, while B with weak polarity is just the opposite. Therefore, the proportion of A in the mobile phase in the second layer tray is greatly increased, the same distribution process occurs in the second layer, and so on. After the distribution of multi-layer tray, when the mobile phase flows out of the chromatographic column, almost pure component A can be detected in the mobile phase.
高效液相色谱仪主要由进样系统，高压输液系统，色谱柱和检测系统构成，这四个系统会被集成在一个大型仪器中与电脑相连，在电脑上我可以读出色谱图，对色谱图进行分析就可以得到一个混合物的组成情况
The high performance liquid chromatographic instrument is composed of an injection system, a high pressure infusion system(this system push the mobile phase forward), a column and a detection system. These four systems are integrated in a large instrument connected to a computer. On the computer, I can read the chromatogram, analyze the chromatogram and get the information of the mixture.
色谱图是一条随着流动相流动而变化的线，当物质流出的时候会出现山峰的形状，峰的数目代表混合物中物质的个数，有两个非常重要的评价分离能力的指标：
两个峰的间隔：这代表两个物质在这个分离体系里分配能力的差别是否明显，两个峰隔得越远，说明两种物质流出的时间相差越大。
峰的宽度：代表物质在色谱柱中流动受不受阻碍，峰越窄，色谱柱的分离效率越高。
The chromatogram is a line that changes as the mobile phase flows. As the material flows out, the shape of the peaks will appear. The number of peaks represents the amount of substances in the mixture. There are two very important indicators of separation ability
The distance between the two peaks: This represents the difference between the distribution capacity of the two substances in the separation system. The farther apart the two peaks are, the greater the difference in the time of outflow of the two substances.
Peak width: represents the material flow in the column is not impeded, the narrower the peak, the higher the separation efficiency of the column.
（与光谱法区别：色谱法可以把不同物质分离开来，光谱法不行
这种分配可以是吸附，可以是溶解，可以是离子的交换）
分离的基本过程：组分的分子在流动相和固定相之间反复多次分配的过程：不同组分亲和能力的微小差异经过成百上千次的累计变成较大差异就可以区分物质了；在固定相中溶解能力差的先流出来，强的后流出来。
仪器分析实验，用高效液相色谱仪测定咖啡中咖啡因的含量，这个实验需要两个人成一组，一个人配置样品，另一个人操作机器。我负责操作机器，当我的同伴将样品配置好后，我打开高效液相色谱仪以及与之连接的电脑，先调试电脑软件设置参数(比如检测时间，流动相比例)，再用流动相将机器进行润洗三遍，是为了排出机器内的空气，保证色谱柱的通畅，观察色谱图的线是否平稳，接着用20微升的进样器，吸取样品注入进样口中，等待半分钟后将进样器拔出，接着等待电脑上的色谱图绘制。
A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used to measure the amount of caffeine in coffee. The experiment involves two people working together, one arranging the sample and the other operating the machine. I was responsible for operating the machine. After my partner finished the sample configuration, I turned on the high performance liquid chromatography and the computer connected with it. First, I checked the computer software and set the parameters（such as the detection time, the ratio of the mobile phase, pressure and flow rate）. Then observe whether the line on the chromatogram is steady or not, The sample is drawn and injected into the sample mouth by a 20 microliter injector. After half a minute, the injector is pulled out and the chromatogram is drawn on the computer.
紫外可见光谱法（ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy），这种方法利用分子的吸光特性对有机物进行鉴别，分子轨道中的电子可以在不同的能级之间跃迁，当外界辐射光的能量达到跃迁所需能量时，电子会吸收能量，发生跃迁，同时出射光的光强会低于入射光。这个规律叫做朗伯比尔光吸收定律，数学关系式为A（吸光度）=lg(I0/I)=摩尔吸光系数*光程*溶液浓度。叫这个名字是因为可以使电子跃迁的光波长主要在近紫外区和可见区，因此使用200-800nm的光就可以鉴别大部分有机物。使用的仪器是紫外-可见分光光度计
This method uses the light absorption characteristics of molecules to identify organic matter. Electrons in molecular orbitals can transition between different energy levels. When the energy of external radiation reaches the energy required for transition, electrons will absorb energy and transition will occur. This phenomenon is called lambert-beer law, the mathematic relation is The name comes from the fact that the wavelengths of light that enable electron transitions are mainly in the near-ultraviolet and visible regions, so most organic matter can be identified using light that the wavelength of which is from 200 to 800nm.
原理：不同物质对不同波长光的吸光度不同。可以用波长为横坐标，吸光度（吸光度可以测量入射光和出射光的光强之比，出射光强越小光被吸收的程度越大）为纵坐标作出吸收光谱图。图像上会有一个最大吸收峰。同一物质不论在溶液中的浓度大小如何，最大吸收峰所对应的波长都是相同的。不同物质的吸收曲线的最大吸收波长都不同
Different substances have different absorbance for different wavelengths of light.An absorption spectrum can be plotted using wavelength as the abscission coordinate and absorbance (absorbance measures the ratio of the intensity of the incoming and outgoing light; the lower the intensity of the outgoing light, the more light is absorbed) as the ordinate coordinate. There will be a maximum absorption peak in the image. The wavelength corresponding to the maximum absorption peak of the same substance is the same regardless of its concentration in solution. The absorption curves of different substances are different and curves have different maximum absorption wavelengths.
光为什么会被吸收？吸收的是能量，用来给物质中的电子在不同的轨道间跃迁，不同物质轨道间能量不同
UV所使用的的仪器是紫外可见分光光度计，由光源、单色器，检测器和样品室构成，一台仪器的大小和一台家用打印机的大小类似，光源用来提供入射光，通常是碘钨灯或氘灯，单色器用光栅或棱镜来将光源转变为所需要的特定波长的单色光，样品室有四个放置比色皿的孔洞，在实验中，有一个比色皿中需要盛放空白溶液，用来排除溶液中其他成分带来的误差，检测的波长通常选择，最大吸光度处的波长，因为这样光被吸收掉的程度最明显。
The instrument used is an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, which consists of a light source, a monochromator, a detector and a sample room. The instrument I used in the experiment is similar in size to that of a household printer. The light source is used to provide the incident light, usually a deuterium lamp, and the monochromator uses a grating or prism to convert the light source into the desired monochromatic light of a specific wavelength. There are four holes for placing the cuvette in the sample room. In the experiment, one cuvette needs to hold a reference solution to eliminate errors caused by other components in the solution. The wavelength of detection is usually chosen at the point of maximum absorbance, because this is the most obvious degree of light absorption.
那些使分子在紫外-可见波长段吸收光的能量，产生吸收峰的基团，称为发色团，一般是带π电子基团，比如苯环，碳碳双键，碳碳三键，其特点是这些基团都有不饱和键，电子从π成键轨道跃迁到π反键轨道，或从未成键状态跃迁到π反键轨道。例如苯环在254nm处有一个吸收峰。同时，假如一些基团或原子单独存在并不在紫外-可见区产生吸收峰，而与发色团连接后使发色团的吸收带波长向长波转移，并增加吸收强度，这些基团通常带有未成键的电子对，比如羰基（-OR），羟基（-OH）卤素原子（Br，Cl）
Those groups that enable molecules to absorb the energy of light in the UV-Vis wavelength range, resulting in absorption peaks, are called chromophores, and generally have π-electron groups, Like benzene, carbon-carbon double bond, carbon-carbon triple bond, The characteristic of these groups is that they all possess Unsaturated π bond, the electron on which can transition from bonding orbital to anti-bonding orbital, or from a non-bonding state to an π anti-bonding orbital, for example, benzene has a absorption peak at 254 nm，Some groups or atoms do not produce absorption peaks in the UV-VIS region when they exist alone, but connect with chromophore to transfer the absorption band wavelength to long wave and increase the absorption intensity, they are called auxochrome group, these groups usually have unbonded electron pairs, such as carbonyl (-OR), hydroxyl (-OH) halogen atoms (-Br, -Cl), for example, when benzene is attached to a hydroxyl group, the absorption peak rise to 270 nm
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜仪器分析方法英文稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：仪器分析方法
大数据处理与应用 database application
核心内容
大数据处理与应用 database application
这门课我们主要学习了什么是python，以及了解了python在爬取信息方面的运用，在今后我们要写论文时，有助于挖掘有用数据。在信息化时代，我们的工作都离不开计算机，学习部分专业计算机知识对于成为具有综合能力商科人才很有帮助。
In this course, we mainly learned what Python is and the application of Python in crawling information, which will be helpful for finding useful data when we write papers in the future. In the information age, our work is inseparable from the computer, learning some professional computer knowledge is very helpful to become a business talent with comprehensive ability.
What is python:
python是一种计算机编程语言，被广泛运用在科学计算、游戏编程，爬虫开发和计算机网络安全等领域。Python is a computer programming language that is widely used in scientific computing, game programming, crawler development and computer network security.
我们学习了如何搭建python的开发环境，HOW在window平台上独立安装程序。并学习了一些专业的计算机语言比如关键字和有效的标识符和如何编写简单的程序。We learned how to build a Python development environment and install some programs independently on the Windows platform. And we learned some professional computer languages such as keywords and valid identifiers。and how to write a simple program.
我的论文题目是基于大数据探究茶叶品牌认知差异。所以我的部分研究方法就是从淘宝和天猫等网购平台爬取部分用户对于茶叶产品的评价，并做成词云图，所以虽然我并不能熟练掌握python的技巧，但是学习python给我提供了写作的新思路，并且让我减少了很多搜寻数据的负担。
The topic of my paper is to explore the cognitive differences of tea brands based on big data. Therefore, part of my research method is to crawl some users' comments on tea products from online shopping platforms such as Taobao and Tmall and make them into word clouds. Therefore, although I am not proficie
参考：来源：大数据处理与应用 database application.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：大数据处理与应用 database application
工业药剂学（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
Industrial pharmacy is the study of the basic theory of pharmaceutical preparations, the design and preparation of pharmaceutical formulations, and the bridge between the raw drug and the drug eventually sold.（举个药物不同剂型的例子）
In the first chapter, I learned some basic concepts and learned that a raw drug can be given in many different dosage forms and routes of administration. For example, tablets and capsules can be used for oral administration, liquid preparations can be used for injection,. And turning drugs into preparations also has different effects, either to reduce the toxic side effects, to deliver the drug to the site of administration (for example, insulin will be inactivated by enzymes in stomach acid if taken orally,), to Change the rate at which the drug takes effect (quick release praparation is useful to first-aid)
In the second chapter, I learned some principles and rules of drug prescription design (prescription is the type and dosage of drug substance + additive). It is necessary to study the physical/chemical/biological properties of drugs first (the more the better), then determine the route of drug administration and drug dosage form, and understand the advantages and disadvantages of different routes of drug administration.
Since the third chapter, I have carried out specific studies on different dosage forms. First, I learned tablets and understood the characteristics of tablets. Tablets have accurate dosage, convenient storage and transportation, long shelf life and low cost, but they are not suitable for drugs with too large dosage or for patients with swallowing difficulties. I Learned the common auxiliary materials of tablets, tablets often need to add diluent fillers (such as dextrin, starch), adhesives (methyl cellulose), disintegrators (sodium carboxymethyl starch), lubricants (magnesium stearate).（常见辅料的概念和用处）防腐剂、表面活性剂。着色剂、甜味剂.
As for the process of producing tablets, I also conducted an experiment to prepare aspirin tablets in a special experimental class. I dissolved 0.2g citric acid and 2g starch in 20ml distilled water to get 10% starch pulp as a binder. Then weigh 20g acetyl salicylic acid powder, and mix it with starch pulp step by step until the powder is lightly knead into a group and dispersed when touched, pass the mixed powder through a 16-mesh sieve, Lay the sifted powder in a paper box and put it in the oven to dry for half an hour, After drying, pour the powder into the tablet machine to get tablets eventually.
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜工业药剂学审核英文稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：工业药剂学