专业知识库（按学科 / 专业 / 课程）
按学科门类筛选，可继续下钻到具体专业与课程；内容为各课程复习要点，用于面谈与笔试备考。
宏观经济学macroeconomics
核心内容
宏观经济学macroeconomics
一、宏观经济学的基本假设是市场失灵。这意味着市场本身无法有效地配置资源。政府应该采取一些措施来调整市场，以确保资源的有效配置。因此，宏观经济学主要关注整个国民经济以解决失业、通货膨胀、经济波动、国际收支等问题，实现长期稳定的发展。
The basic assumption of macroeconomics is that markets fail. This means that markets cannot allocate resources efficiently on their own. The government should take some measures to adjust the market to ensure the efficient allocation of resources. Therefore, macroeconomics mainly focuses on the whole national economy to solve the problems of unemployment, inflation, economic fluctuations, international balance of payments and so on, so as to achieve long-term stable development.
二、GDP（国内生产总值）
对一段时间内（通常是每年）生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值的货币计量。
A monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually.
Y=C+I+G+NX。
the sum of consumption, investment, government spending and net exports (X – M)
（居民消费（C）：家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品与服务的支出（购买汽车、家电这些物品，或者理发、医疗这些服务）
投资（I）：购买未来生产其他物品的物品（比如：厂房、机器设备、存货），包括家庭用于购买住房的支出。
政府购买（G）：指政府购买物品和劳务的支出，包括购买军火、办公用品，支付给政府雇员的工资等
净出口（NX）：净出口=出口价值-进口价值，减去进口是因为进口商品不在本国生产
Household consumption (C) : Expenditure by households on goods and services other than the purchase of new housing (items such as cars and appliances, or services such as haircuts and medical care)
Investment (I) : Purchases of things that will produce other things in the future (e.g., plant, machinery, inventory), including household expenditures for housing.
Government purchases (G) : Government purchases of goods and s
参考：来源：宏观经济学macroeconomics.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：宏观经济学macroeconomics
药物分析（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
在药物分析实验课程中，我学习了使用分析化学实验，对药物进行成分与含量测定的多种实验的实验原理和实验操作。主要有阿司匹林肠溶片的含量测定；使用硫代乙酰胺法检查葡萄糖中的重金属；使用紫外光谱法进行异烟肼片的鉴别；使用薄层色谱法对布洛芬的有关物质进行检查，在这些实验之间，我对于阿司匹林肠溶片的含量测定实验最为感兴趣。
实验原理：采用两步滴定法，因为阿司匹林易水解，产生水杨酸和醋酸，肠溶片里还有酒石酸作稳定剂，直接使用酸碱滴定方法的话会导致测量不准确，所以用两步法滴定（两步法滴定的通俗解释：阿司匹林的主要成分是乙酰水杨酸，）
实验步骤：先称取30篇阿司匹林肠溶片在研钵中研磨成粉，倒入100ml容量瓶中，加入精确量取的70ml乙醇，再加水清洗研钵并将洗涤液倒入容量瓶中，最后加水定量至100ml。因为阿司匹林肠溶片中有不溶解附加剂，所以需要过滤，取20ml的续滤液。再加入中性乙醇20ml和3滴酚酞指示剂（遇到碱呈粉红色，遇酸无色）；滴加0.1mol/L的氢氧化钠用来中和游离的酸，当溶液呈现粉红色的时候停止加入。这时候溶液中的游离酸就被除去了。再精密量取过量但已知浓度和体积的氢氧化钠（这个实验取20ml)，在70摄氏度条件下水浴加热15min，同时振摇，使阿司匹林完全水解，滴加精确配置的0.05mol/l的硫酸溶液，滴加至溶液紫红色刚好褪去，这时候过量的氢氧化钠就被中和了。已知硫酸溶液的浓度和滴定的体积，就可以计算出未和阿司匹林反应的氢氧化钠的量，与氢氧化钠的总量做减法就知道与阿司匹林反应的氢氧化钠的物质的量，从已知的反应方程式可以知道，1mol硫酸消耗2mol氢氧化钠，同时1mol氢氧化钠消耗1mol的阿司匹林。
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜药物分析aps稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：药物分析
市场营销Marketing
核心内容
市场营销Marketing
概念：是营销人员开展经营活动、销售行为的过程，营销是公司产品生产的最终目标。通过这门课程，我学会了如何让客户为公司创造更大的利润。
It is the process of marketing personnel to carry out business activities and sale products in the market. Marketing is the ultimate goal of the company's production. Through this course, I learned how to enable customers to create greater profits for the company.
一、目标市场战略（stp）
1.市场细分（segmenting）：是根据消费需求将整体市场划分成不同的子市场，让企业更好满足顾客具体需求。
比如美国宝洁公司，通过市场细分，有不同种类的洗发水“海飞丝”用来减少头屑，潘婷用来保护头发
Market segmentation: it divides the overall market into different sub-markets according to consumer demand, so that enterprises can better meet the specific needs of customers.
For example, P&G in the United States, through market segmentation, has different types of shampoo，the"Head & Shoulders" is specially for reducing dandruff, Pantene is specially for protecting hair.
选择目标市场（targeting）： 目标市场选择是指估计每个细分市场的吸引力程度，并选择进入一个或多个细分市场。
(吸引力程度是指细分市场的发展潜力，竞争情况和盈利可能）
targeting: Targeting is estimate the attractiveness of each market segment and select one or more segments to enter.(Attractiveness refers to the development potential, competition and profitability of the market segment)
产品定位（positioning）：是根据目标市场的需求特点，设计出合适的产品，关键是企业要在自己的产品上找出比竞争者更具有竞争优势的特点。
It is to design suitable products according to the characteristics of the target market’s demand. The key for enterprises is to find out the characteristics of their own products that have more competitive advantages than their competitors.
可以从产品差异化（不同的形状、尺寸、性能）、服务差异化（海底捞）以及形象差异化（通过
参考：来源：市场营销Marketing.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：市场营销Marketing
药理学（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
药理学是一门研究不同的药物对于人体之间相互作用规律的学科，药理学的基本理论包括药物效应学和药物代谢动力学，除此之外还将药物按照作用机理的不同进行具体的区分和介绍
Pharmacology studies the laws of interaction between different drugs and the human body. The basic theories of pharmacology include pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. In addition, drugs are specifically distinguished and introduced according to different mechanisms.
在药物效应学中，我学习了药物作用和药理作用，药理作用是作用在机体器官上所造成的结果，具体表现为兴奋和抑制，而药物作用范围广泛，但具体可分为治疗作用和不良作用，不良作用是与用药目的无关但是对病人造成了不适的一切作用的统称。我还学习了药物效应与剂量的关系，这种关系可分为随剂量增加而增强的量反应和显著改变或反应机体性质的质反应。我还了解到了什么是受体，受体是药物作用的靶点，是一类转导细胞信号转导的蛋白质，与体内产生的配体结合起生理作用，而与药物结合时起到药理作用。药物按照与受体结合后起效的方式可分为拮抗药：占据受体但是其起效方式是阻断体内的配体与受体结合；激动药：可以与受体结合，同时产生药效活性
In pharmacoeffectology, I learned about drug effect and pharmacological effect. Pharmacological effect refers to the result caused by drugs on organs of the body, which is manifested in excitement and inhibition. Drug action has a wide range, but can be divided into therapeutic effect and adverse effect. I also learned about the dose-dependent relationship between drug effects, which can be divided into quantitative responses, which increase with increasing dose, and qualitative responses, which significantly alter or reflect the nature of the organism. I also learned about an important concept called receptor, which is the target of the drug. It is a kind of protein that mediate cell signal. Normally it has a physiological effect when combined with compound produced inside the body,. Drugs can be divided into 2 categories according to the way they bind to the receptor, first we have antagonists: they occupy the receptor but act by blocking the binding of the internal compound to the receptor; Agonists: it can bind to receptors and produce pharmacological activity.
在药物代谢动力学中，我主要学习了药物在体内所经历的全过程，包括吸收、分布、代谢与排泄，药物的吸收方式有很多，包括口服，注射，鼻腔吸入。药物的分布是指药物经过血液循环到达身体各个部位的过程，这一过程受到多种因素的影响，药物与血浆蛋白的结合能力，器官的血流量，体内的生理屏障（血脑屏障，血眼屏障）。药物的代谢是指药物经体内肝药酶作用失去药理活性的过程，而药物的排泄是从肾脏经尿液排出体外。以上就是药物的体内完整过程。除此之外在这一章里我还学到了药物消除动力学，是药物在体内的浓度随时间变化的数学关系，分为主要分为零级消除动力学：药物在一定时间内以恒定的量的降低；；一级消除动力学：药物在体内消除的速度与药物浓度成正比。
In pharmacokinetics, I mainly learned the whole process of drugs in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Drugs can be absorbed in many ways, including oral administration, injection and nasal inhalation. Drug distribution refers to the process by which a drug travels through the bloodstream to various parts of the body, and this process is affected by a variety of factors, such as the drug's ability to bind to plasma proteins, blood flow in organs, and physiological barriers in the body (blood-brain barrier, blood-eye barrier). Drug metabolism refers to the process in which drugs lose their pharmacological activity through the action of liver drug enzymes in vivo, and drug excretion means that drugs are usually excreted from the kidney through urine. So that's what happens to drugs in the body. In addition, I also learned drug elimination kinetics in this chapter, which is the mathematical relationship of drug concentration in the body over time. It is mainly divided into zero-order elimination kinetics: drug decreases at a constant amount within a certain period of time, and first order elimination kinetics: The rate at which a drug is eliminated from the body is proportional to its concentration.
在第三章我学习了传出神经药理学，传出神经系统可以理解为大脑控制身体器官的途径，包括自主神经系统和运动神经系统，自主神经系统支配心脏血管和平滑肌，不需要意识控制，而运动神经系统通过支配骨骼肌控制我们的运动和呼吸。传出神经系统上的药物受体分为乙酰胆碱受体和肾上腺素受体，平时接收神经递质完成神经信号转导，对不同肌肉、血管起到不同的作用，如收缩或舒张。例如匹鲁卡品是乙酰胆碱受体激动药，药理作用是收缩瞳孔、降低眼内压，可以治疗青光眼和虹膜睫状体炎。
In Chapter 3 I learned about efferent neuropharmacology. The efferent nervous system can be understood as the pathway by which the brain controls the organs of the body, including the autonomic nervous system, which innervates the blood vessels and smooth muscles of the heart and does not require conscious control, and the motor nervous system, which controls our movement and breathing by innervating the skeletal muscles. Drug receptors on the efferent nervous system are divided into acetylcholine receptors and adrenergic receptors, which normally receive neurotransmitters to complete nerve signal transduction and play different roles on different muscles and blood vessels, such as contraction or diastole. Pilocarpine, for example, is an acetylcholine receptor agonist whose pharmacological effect is to shrink the pupil and reduce intraocular pressure. It can treat glaucoma and iridocyclitis.
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜药理学英文审核稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：药理学
市场调查Marketing research
核心内容
市场调查Market research
概念
市场调查是运用科学的方法和合适的手段，系统地收集、整理、分析和报告有关信息，以帮助企业及时的了解市场机遇与威胁，发现市场营销过程中所存在的问题，正确制定和实施市场营销策略与计划。Marketing research is to use scientific methods and appropriate means to systematically collect, information, in order to help enterprises timely understand market opportunities and threats, find the problems in the process of marketing, and correctly formulate and implement marketing strategies and plans.
研究问题
市场调查问题是需要收集数据加以研究的问题，关注的是问题背后的原因。（例如，当企业出现的问题是目标市场选择错误，那么研究问题就是进行更有效的市场细分，为选择合适目标市场提供可靠依据。）
Marketing research questions are questions that need to collect data for research and focus on the reasons behind the problems. (For example, when the problem of the enterprise is the wrong choice of target market, the research problem is to do more effective market segmentation to provide reliable basis for the selection of appropriate target market.)
三、收集数据
文献查询：查阅有关的学术期刊、研究报告，来借鉴前人的经验与知识
专家调查：是对有关权威人士进行调查，听取他们的意见和看法。
问卷调查：问卷是一组事先设计好的用于从调查对象获取信息的问题
Literature search: refer to relevant academic journals and research reports to learn from the experience and knowledge of previous researchers
(2) Expert investigation: it is to investigate relevant experts and listen to their opinions and views.
（3）Questionnaire survey: A questionnaire is a set of questions designed in advance to obtain information from respondents
问题包括：
开放式问题（open-ended question）比如你可以给我们的产品提一些建议吗？Could you give us some advice on our products?
封闭式问题（closed-ended question）比如你最喜欢我们产品的哪一个部分，A:包装，B：口味Which pa
参考：来源：市场调查Marketing research.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：市场调查Marketing research
生物医学工程导论（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
生物医学工程导论是对以医学为目的的生物工程学知识进行概括性介绍的学科，主要包括生物材料（义肢或人工器官），生命监测装置（一系列生物传感器，如血糖仪）与我们在医院中常见的大型医疗器械（医学影像系统）
在第一章中我们学习了医学检测领域与生物传感器，生物传感器是医学检测的主要手段，生物传感器是被用于识别生物体中的生化指标并将其转化为电信号的装置，（在这一章节中我们对不同的医学检测手段进行了介绍）。例如我们在医院中常常会做的血常规检测，一种检测可以对身体中的多个生化指标进行检测，例如血细胞种类与数量的检测，常用的方法是用电阻抗法，原理是：因为溶解有血细胞的血液与相同渗透压的电解质溶液相比是不良导体，因此我们将溶有血细胞的血液倒进电解质溶液中并通电，保持电解质溶液中的电流恒定，在两电极之间放置一个可以检测电压的小孔管，当血细胞通过小孔时，因为导电性比电解质溶液更差，当电流恒定时电压会突然急剧升高，在仪器表面显示为一个脉冲信号，而且血细胞的体积越大，电压越高，脉冲信号幅度越大。各种大小不同的脉冲信号被送入仪器内经过放大、甄别、整形的给出细胞计数结果，目前的多数仪器还可以提供细胞体积直方图。还可以对常见的病毒性疾病进行检测，核心原理是病毒抗原（antigen）与抗体(antibody)的特异性结合，可以使用双抗体夹心法（double antibody sandwich method）检测可能存在的病毒抗原，一种抗体固定在固体基底上，，另一种与特定的酶相连接的抗体处于游离状态，加入血液，假如血液中有该抗原存在，三者会形成牢固的复合物，再洗去未结合抗原的游离酶联抗体。接下来加入该酶可以催化的底物，生成有色的反应物。即可根据反应体系中的颜色深浅，判断血液中有无该抗原存在。
在第二章中我们学习了生物医学材料，生物医学材料的概念是那些适用于取代或修复活体组织的人造或天然的材料，它有三个主要的用途，第一，用来替代受损伤的组织或器官（假牙，人工关节，义肢），第二，改善或恢复器官功能（隐形眼镜），第三，辅助治疗过程（介入性治疗血管内支架，介入性治疗是用于一些身体内的微笑通道或者狭窄的血管）。因为这一类材料的应用目的是应用于人体这一特殊的应用场景，所以我们对生物医学材料的性能会有一定的要求，第一、生物功能性，which means这些生物医学材料可以起到作用，例如用作人工心脏瓣膜的材料必须耐磨耐腐蚀，齿科修复材料，例如种植牙必须有良好的耐磨性能和较高的硬度以及良好的导热性。第二点、生物医学材料的生物相容性即材料可以较好地与生物体共存，即人体上发生的反应（炎症、细胞毒性，致癌性）和材料的反应（腐蚀、降解）都应该在可接受范围内。即人不因为材料的植入（inplantation）而生病，材料也不因为长期的处于人体环境中而损坏。历史上齿科植入体曾经使用过钴铬合金，就因为铬会对人体有致癌性而被弃用。
接下来我还被介绍了几种常见的生物医学材料，分为金属材料：不锈钢用作手术器械，血管支架，矫正牙套。钛合金用来制作骨科植入假体，例如各种人工关节，踝关节，膝关节，髋关节
无机非金属材料：羟基磷灰石脊椎动物骨骼和牙齿的主要组成成分，因为来自动物，所以生物相容性很好，是很好的骨的替代和再生材料
高分子材料：硅橡胶可以用作鼓膜修复片、隐形眼镜和整形填充物
胶原蛋白非常重要，是脊椎动物皮肤、肌腱的主要组成成分，凝胶可以用作创伤敷料，纺丝可以用作外科手术缝合线、粉末状用于止血剂。
Introduction to Biomedical engineering is a general introduction to bioengineering for medical purposes, including biomaterials (prosthetics or artificial organs), vital monitoring devices (a series of biosensors, such as blood glucose meters), and large medical devices commonly found in hospitals (medical imaging systems, CT or MRI).
In the first chapter, we studied the field of medical detection and biosensor, which is the main means of medical detection. Biosensor is a device used to identify biochemical indicators in organisms and convert them into electrical signals (in this chapter, we introduced different means of medical detection). For example, we often do routine blood tests in hospitals. A test can detect multiple biochemical indicators in the body, such as the type and number of blood cells. The commonly used method is resistance method, and the principle is: Because blood dissolved with blood cells is a poor conductor compared to an electrolyte solution with the same osmotic pressure, we pour blood dissolved with blood cells into the electrolyte solution and run a current through it to keep the current in the electrolyte solution constant. We put a small hole tube between the two electrodes that can measure the voltage. When the blood cells pass through the hole, because they are less conductive than the electrolyte solution, When the current was constant, the voltage rose sharply, showing up as a pulse on the surface of the instrument, and the larger the blood cell size and the higher the voltage, the larger the pulse amplitude. Pulse signals of different sizes are sent into the instrument to be amplified, screened and shaped to give cell count results. Most current instruments can also provide cell volume histogram. Common viral diseases can also be tested. The core principle is the specific combination of viral antigens and antibody. double antibody sandwich method can be used to detect possible viral antigens. One antibody is fixed to a solid substrate, and another antibody linked to a specific enzyme is free and added to the blood. If the antigen is present in the blood, the three will form a strong complex and wash away the free enzyme-linked antibody that is not bound to the antigen. Next, a substrate that the enzyme can catalyze is added to produce a colored reactant. According to the color of the reaction system, the presence of the antigen in the blood can be determined.
In Chapter 2, we learned about biomedical materials. The concept of biomedical materials is those artificial or natural materials suitable for replacing or repairing living tissues. It has three main uses: first, to replace damaged tissues or organs (dentures, artificial joints, prostheses), second, to improve or restore organ function (contact lenses), and third, Adjuvant treatment procedures (interventional therapy intravascular stents, which are used in some smiling channels or narrow blood vessels in the body). Since this kind of material is used in the special application scenario of human body, we have certain requirements on the performance of biomedical materials. Firstly, biological functionality, which means that these biomedical materials can play a role. For example, materials used as artificial heart valves must be wear resistant and corrosion resistant, and dental repair materials. For example, implant teeth must have good wear resistance, high hardness and good thermal conductivity. Secondly, biocompatibility of biomedical materials means that the materials can coexist well with organisms, that is, the reactions (inflammation, cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity) and the reactions (corrosion, degradation) of materials on the human body should be within an acceptable range. That is, people do not get sick because of inplantation of materials, and materials are not damaged because of long-term exposure to human environment. Cobalt-chromium alloys have historically been used in dental implants, but have been abandoned because chromium is carcinogenic to humans.
Then I was introduced to several common biomedical materials, divided into metal materials: stainless steel for surgical instruments, vascular stents, orthodontic braces. Titanium alloys are used to make orthopedic implants, such as artificial joints, ankles, knees, hips
Inorganic nonmetallic materials: hydroxyapatite is the main component of vertebrate bones and teeth. Because it comes from animals, it has good biocompatibility and is a good bone replacement and regeneration material
Polymer material: Silicone rubber can be used as tympanic membrane repair tablets, contact lenses and plastic fillers
Collagen is very important. It is the main component of the skin and tendons of vertebrates. Gels can be used as wound dressings, spinning can be used as surgical sutures, and powdered as a hemostatic agent.
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜生物医学工程导论aps审核英文稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：生物医学工程导论
广告策划Advertising planning
核心内容
广告策划Advertising planning
概念：广告策划是为广告主提供科学的广告活动规划方案来增加产品销量，提升产品知
名度的决策活动过程。
Advertising planning is a decision-making process that provides advertisers with scientific advertising activity planning programs to increase product sales and enhance product popularity.
广告策划与市场营销的关系：The relationship between advertising planning and marketing
市场营销理论中著名的“4p”理论是指产品、价格、地点、和促销。而促销的基本方式有人员推销，广告，营业推广等，因此广告只是促销组合中的一种基本方法，需要配合其他变量和方法才能达到营销的目的。
The famous "four Ps" in marketing theory refer to product, price, place and promotion and the basic ways of promotion include personnel promotion, advertising, business promotion, etc. Therefore, advertising is only a basic method in the marketing mix, which needs to cooperate with other variables and methods to achieve the purpose of marketing.
广告策略制定流程 advertising strategy formulation process
确定目标市场：把哪一类消费者作为主要目标（比如百事可乐的目标消费者就是年轻人）
分析消费群体的特点和消费者的态度(宝洁公司在中国建立了消费行为数据库和完善的市场调研系统来了解消费者生活习惯和需求，比如用来分析人们的洗头和刷牙的方式）
Determine the target market: which type of consumers is the main target (for example, Pepsi's target consumers are young people)
Need to analyze the characteristics of consumer groups and consumer attitudes(P&G has established a consumer behavior database and a comprehensive market research system in China to understand consumers' living habits and needs, such as analyzing how people wash their hair and brush their teeth)
确定产品在市场中的定位（抖音的产品定位是原创短视频发布平台）
Determine the product positioning in the market (Douyin's product positioning is an original sho
参考：来源：广告策划Advertising planning.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：广告策划Advertising planning
波谱解析（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
波谱解析其实和仪器分析的概念相同，都是运用大型复杂的仪器设备，分析物质的结构和组成。区别在于仪器分析课程中所使用的仪器相对来说体积更小，操作简单，价格较低，本科生可以在实验课程上亲自操作体验，而波谱解析中所涉及的仪器体积大，价格昂贵，例如在我的毕业论文中所用到的质谱仪，我只见过一台给研究生用的，还由专门的工作人员看管，研究生需要签字才能使用。所以在这门课里，我们专注于对检测结果，也就是谱图的分析
Spectrum analysis is actually the same concept as instrumental analysis, which uses large and complex instruments to analyze the structure and composition of matter. The difference lies in the fact that the instruments used in the course of instrumental analysis are relatively small in volume, simple in operation and low in price, and undergraduates can operate and experience in the experimental course by themselves, while the instruments involved in spectrum analysis are large and expensive. For example, the mass spectrometer used in my graduation thesis, I have only seen one for graduate students, and it is also supervised by special staff. Graduate students need to sign to use it. So in this course, we're going to focus on the analysis of the test results, which are spectrograms
首先我要介绍的是核磁共振，这种方法不仅在大学实验室中被用于解析有机化合物的结构，以这种方法为原理的核磁共振成像在医院中也是一种常见的检查手段。
核磁共振的原理：核磁共振主要是由原子核的自旋运动引起的，不同的原子核自旋运动的情况不同
原子核是带正电荷的粒子，当粒子的自旋量子数不为零时，它就有自旋运动，自旋的正电荷粒子就有循环的电流，产生磁场，形成磁矩，而磁矩具有方向性
但是原子核的磁矩此时是方向混乱的，外加一个磁场使得原子核磁矩变得有序，对于自旋量子数为1/2的原子核有两种取向，两种取向就有两个能级，一个低一个高
这时我们再外加电磁波辐射，当电磁辐射的能量恰好等于自旋核的两种不同取向的能量差时，低能态的自旋核吸收电磁辐射能跃迁到高能态，这种现象就是核磁共振
再通过傅里叶变换得到一张谱图
（仅限于氢1核和碳13核，而且碳13核的检测灵敏度比氢1核差很多）
The nucleus is a positively charged particle. When the spin quantum number of the particle is not zero, it has spin motion. A positively charged particle of spin has a circulating current, which produces a magnetic field and a magnetic moment, and the magnetic moment is directional
But the magnetic moment of the nucleus is now disordered, it will only be ordered by the addition of a magnetic field. For a nucleus with a spin quantum number of 1/2 there are two orientations, either higher energy in the opposite direction of the applied magnetic field, or lower energy in the same direction as the applied magnetic field, nuclei with spin quantum numbers of 1/2 have hydrogen nuclei and carbon nuclei, which are also the most common atoms in organic compound.
Then we add electromagnetic radiation. When the energy of the electromagnetic radiation is exactly equal to the energy difference between the two different orientations of the spin nuclei, the low-energy spin nuclei absorb the electromagnetic radiation energy and jump to the higher energy state. This phenomenon is the principle of NMR（nuclear magnetic resonance）.
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜波谱解析英文稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：波谱解析
微观经济学microeconomics
核心内容
微观经济学microeconomics
一、微观经济学和宏观经济学的区别
研究对象不同，微观经济学研究单个经济单位，比如家庭、厂商等；宏观经济学研究整个经济的运行方式与规律
解决问题不同，微观经济学要解决资源配置问题，实现个体效益最大化；宏观经济学解决社会范围内资源利用问题，实现社会福利最大化。
研究方法不同。微观经济学的研究方法是个量分析；宏观经济学的研究方法是总量分析。
Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1. The research objects are different. Microeconomics studies single economic units, such as households and manufacturers; Macroeconomics studies the operation mode of the whole economy
2. they solve Different problems. Microeconomics should solve the problem of resource allocation to maximize individual benefits; Macroeconomics solves the problem of resource utilization to realizes the maximization of social welfare.
3. Different research methods. The research method of microeconomics is individual quantity analysis; The research method of macroeconomics is aggregate analysis
二、需求与供给曲线Demand and supply curves
1、需求曲线：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的图形。
在坐标里，横轴表示数量，纵轴表示价格，需求曲线是向右下方倾斜，这意味着如果价格更高，那么人们对该产品的需求就会更低。
1. Demand curve: A graph showing the relationship between the price and the quantity demand.
In this case, quantity is on the x axis and price is on the y axis, and the demand curve is sloping to the lower right, which means that if the price is higher, there will be less demand for the product.
使曲线移动的变量：
产品的价格和质量。
消费者的收入和偏好。
替代品：一种物品价格上涨引起另外一种物品需求量上涨。比如热狗和汉堡
互补品：一种物品价格上涨引起另外一种物品需求量下降。比如汽车和汽油
Variables that make the curve move:
The price and quality of the product.
Consumer income and preferences.
Substitution: An increase in the price of one it
参考：来源：微观经济学microeconomics.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：微观经济学microeconomics
无机与分析化学实验（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
I did this experiment about determining the content of vitamin C in the vitamin C tablets using direct iodimetry.
Vitamin C is a really reductive compound, it can be oxidized by oxidants, such as iodine, it can react iodine in a ratio of 1 to 1, and starch is used to indicate the end point of titration because it can form a blue inclusion compound with iodine.
Now the experiment part, I take 20 pieces of vitamin C tablets and precisely weigh it on analytical balance, and grind it into powder(研钵的英文), dissolve the powder in dilute acetic acid solution, pour the solution into the volumetric flask so that I can get the concentration. Then I filter the solution through separator funnel, I measure 50 ml of filtrate in Conical bottle and add 3 drops of starch indicator solution in it, after this I set up burette and start titration, meanwhile i keep shaking the bottle to see if the solution turn blue, when the solution turned blue and the color does not fade in 30 seconds, it means the titration is done, I write down the amount of iodine solution that is used and calculate the content of vitamin c in vitamin c tablet.
Besides this experiment I also did the experiment of Determining the content of barium in barium chloride dihydrate by precipitation gravimetry; the Preparation of sodium carbonate; the determination of ionization constant of acetic acid.
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜无机与分析化学实验aps稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：无机与分析化学实验
消费者行为学Consumer Behavior
核心内容
消费者行为学Consumer Behavior
概念：是个体或者群体为了满足需要和欲望而挑选、购买，使用产品和服务的过程。
Consumer behavior is the process of selecting, purchasing, using the products and services by individuals or groups in order to satisfy their needs and desires.
通过这门课，我们通过学习相关心理学的概念，更好的理解消费者的心理和购买行为，从而更好理解怎样进行产品的营销。
By learning relevant psychological concepts, we can better understand consumers' psychology and purchasing behavior, so as to understand how to marketing the products better
要更好的销售产品就需要理解：
一、消费者的知觉Perception of consumers
是根据感觉而对事物的反映，包括听觉，嗅觉，视觉等
Consumer perception is the reflection of things according to feelings, including hearing, smell, vision, etc
enlightenment启示in product’s packing and the way of marketing
For example：乐事公司薯片产品的包装都选择了明亮的颜色，在货架上容易吸引消费者的注意
Lay's potato chips are packaged in bright colors，its easy to attract consumers on the shelf
（1.About advertising：比如一些奢侈品选择著名的明星来代言，就是为了体现企业的高端形象 some luxury products only choose famous stars to represent,in order to show their superior image）
二、消费者的个性the personality of consumers
个性：消费者对于相同外部刺激会做出着不一样的反映
Personality means Consumers will react differently to the same external stimulus
个性有四种：活泼型、不可遏制型、安静型和抑郁型
There are four types of personality: active,uncontrollable, quiet and depressed
销售人员可以根据顾客的行为判断顾客的个性，来采用不同策略去更好推销产品。比如对于不可遏制型的顾客，可以多说产品特点，抓住顾客的热情。对于安静型的顾客可以认真讲解产品信息，坦诚相待。Salespeople can judge the personality of customers based on their behavior and adopt different strategies to promote products better. For example, for uncontrollable customers, y
参考：来源：消费者行为学Consumer Behavior.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：消费者行为学Consumer Behavior
有机化学实验（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
在有机化学实验课程中，我所做的实验包括，乙酰乙酸乙酯的制备，邻、对硝基苯酚的制备；苯甲酸重结晶的实验；苯甲酸乙酯的合成，其中我对于乙酰乙酸乙酯的制备最感兴趣。乙酰乙酸乙酯是我们有机化学实验中常常使用的溶剂，可以用于制备多种药物，比如抗生素和维生素B1。（画结构式）
实验原理：记忆化学反应方程式
用镊子夹取并称量0.8g的钠，放进圆底烧瓶中，用高沸点的干燥二甲苯将钠融化，融化后急速的振摇，之后冷却（是为了将制备出颗粒很小的钠珠，如果颗粒很大的话要反应很长时间，比如几个小时）振摇的时候要拿抹布包起来因为很烫，冷却的时候要轻拿轻放防止小钠珠重新融合。倒出二甲苯
快速地在圆底烧瓶中加入9ml的乙酸乙酯搭建反应体系，需要电热锅进行加热，冷凝管上还要加入装有碳酸钙的塞子防止空气中的水分进入。当钠珠消失，溶液变为橘红色时反应完全。冷却到室温之后进行后处理
后处理：加入浓度为50%的乙酸水溶液中和钠盐，直到溶液变为澄清透明的状态。转移到分液漏斗中，加入等体积的饱和氯化钠，摇晃之后等溶液静置分层，上层为橘红色，下层为透明溶液，保留上层溶液。
倒进锥形瓶中加入无水硫酸钠进行干燥，无水硫酸钠会变味白色颗粒状的物质，剩下的液体中不含水分，倒入圆底烧瓶中准备进行常压蒸馏去除溶剂乙酸乙酯。再用减压蒸馏把目标产物乙酰乙酸乙酯蒸出来，减压蒸馏要先抽真空再慢慢升温，如果反过来可能会炸，得到的产物在室温下是透明液体。
整个实验过程要牢记完全无水。否则可能会发生爆炸。
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜有机化学实验aps稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：有机化学实验
物流沙盘模拟
核心内容
物流沙盘模拟
介绍：
物流沙盘模拟是一门重要的管理类专业实训课程，这一课程主要模拟企业在运营过程中物流管理的基本流程，例如物流预测，物流规划，控制物流成本。所有的环节都是在老师控制的电脑的系统里完成。主要的任务有选择产品，并建立生产线，和竞争者们竞标而获得订单，选择合适车辆运货（铁路、航空、汽车、水运轮船），设计让运输成本最低的路线。根据企业财务选择开拓合适的市场。
Logistics sand table simulation is an important practical training course for management majors. This course mainly simulates the basic flow of logistics management in the operation process of enterprises, such as logistics prediction, logistics planning and logistics cost control. All the sessions are done on a computer system controlled by the teacher. The main task include selecting products and setting up production lines,bidding against competitors to win orders,selecting suitable vehicles to transport goods(rail, airplane, automobile, water ship), and designing routes that minimize transportation costs. Select and develop appropriate markets according to corporate finance.
遇到的问题：
选择太多订单，而公司的仓库并没有足够货物，这样就不能完成所有订单。
一开始在银行贷款太多，在后面需要还利息的时候，因为没有完成足够多的订单产生收益而无法偿还债务。
Problems encountered:
1. Choose too many orders, and the company's warehouse does not have enough goods, so it cannot fulfill all orders.
2. I borrowed too much money from the bank at the beginning, but when I needed to pay the interest later, I could not repay the debt because I did not complete enough orders to generate income.
解决方法：
加价临时购买货物，先完成订单，因为一旦违约就要交付高额违约金
将仓库积压的货物卖出，在偿还债务后重新整合资源，减少租赁仓库的规模和购买的车辆
The solution:
1. purchase of goods at a higher price and complete the order first, because once Default on these loans，a high pen
参考：来源：物流沙盘模拟.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：物流沙盘模拟
物理化学实验（APS 审核稿）
核心内容
我在第5个学期做了物理化学的实验，我总共做了5个实验，分别是燃烧热的测定、液体饱和蒸气压的测定、蔗糖水解反应速率的测定、电动势和温度关系的测定以及草酸钙的热分析曲线的测定。其中蔗糖水解反应速率的测定令我印象最为深刻。
I took this course called physical chemistry experiment in the 5th semester. I did 5 experiment in total, they are the measurement of combustion heat, the measurement of Saturated vapor pressure of liquid, the determination of hydrolysis rate of sucrose, the relationship between electromotive force and temperature and the drawing of calcium oxalate thermal analysis curve. Among all these experiments, the determination of hydrolysis rate of sucrose left me with the most impression.
首先让我介绍这个实验的原理，影响化学反应速率的因素有很多，比如反应物浓度、温度、催化剂，化学反应速率的通用方程是反应速率=速率常数*反应物浓度，其中速率常数包括了除了浓度外的一切影响因素，反应速率是一个微分，对速率积分就可以得到反应物浓度与时间的关系式、所以我们只需要测量不同时间反应物的浓度，就可以得到速率常数的值
First let me introduce the principle of this experiment, there are many factors affecting chemical reaction rate, such as reactant concentration, temperature and catalyst. The general equation of chemical reaction rate is reaction rate = rate constant times reactant concentration, in which rate constant includes all factors except concentration. Integrating this equation gives us the reactant concentration relative to time, so we only need to measure the concentration of the reactant at different times to get the value of the reaction rate constant.
但是问题是，如果使用化学方法直接测定特定时间下溶液中蔗糖的浓度，在测定时溶液中的反应仍在进行中，我无法得到实时的准确浓度，因此需要一种能够实时反应溶液中蔗糖浓度变化的方法。所以借助溶液中蔗糖和蔗糖水解产物旋光度的不同间接测量溶液中蔗糖的浓度，同时因为旋光度与组分浓度呈线性关系，计算也非常方便
But the problem is, if I use chemical methods to directly measure the concentration of sucrose in the solution at a specific time, the reaction in the solution is still in progress at the time of measurement, I can't get the exact concentration in real time, Therefore, the concentration of sucrose in solution can be measured indirectly in real time with the help of different optical rotation of sucrose and sucrose hydrolyzed products in solution, and the calculation is also very convenient because the rotations are linear with the concentration of components
现在到实验过程，先打开旋光仪，并在旋光管中加入蒸馏水（旋光管就是一个圆柱形的透明管子），这一过程中要避免旋光管中出现气泡，因为蒸馏水是用来矫正旋光仪的零点的。再分别配置不同浓度的蔗糖溶液（0.8mol/L,0.6mol/L,0.4mol/L）和盐酸溶液，（因为蔗糖水解需要酸催化）。将蔗糖溶液倒入锥形瓶中然后加入盐酸溶液，混合均匀后倒入旋光管中放进旋光仪，计时8分钟，15分钟，20分钟，30分钟各测一次旋光度，记录结果。
Now to the experimental process, first open the gyroscope, and add distilled water in the polarization tube (polarization tube is a cylindrical transparent tube), in this process bubbles must be avoided in the polarization tube, because distilled water is used to correct the zero of the gyroscope. different concentration of sucrose solution are already prepared for us(0.8 mol/L, 0.6 mol/L, 0.4 mol/L). Pour the sucrose solution into the conical bottle and then add the hydrochloric acid solution (because sucrose hydrolysis needs acid as catalyst), mix well and pour it into the polarization tube. Measure the optical rotation at 8 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes respectively, and record the results.
参考：来源：aps稿子.rar｜物理化学实验稿子.docx｜专业：制药工程｜课程：物理化学实验
物流管理physical distribution management
核心内容
物流管理Logistics management
概念
物流管理是采用管理的基本原理和科学方法，对物流活动进行计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制，使各项物流活动实现最佳的协调与配合并来降低物流成本，提高物流效率和经济效益。
Logistics management is to use the basic principles and scientific methods of management to plan, organize, command, coordinate and control logistics activities, so that the logistics activities to achieve the best coordination and cooperation and reduce logistics costs, improve logistics efficiency and economic benefits.
运输管理
概念：运输是通过各种运输手段使货物在物流节点之间流动。
Transportation is through various means of transportation to let the goods flow between logistics nodes
运输的两大功能：
物品移动，运输的主要目的就是以最短的时间，最低的成本将物品转移到指定地点。Two major functions of transportation: moving goods. The main purpose of transportation is to transfer goods to designated places in the shortest time and at the lowest cost.
短时储存，在运输期间可以将运输工具作为临时的储存设施，对物品进行短时的储存。
Short-term storage: Transport vehicles can be used as temporary storage facilities to store goods for a short time during transportation.
运输管理的原理
规模经济economy of scale:随装运规模的增长使单位重量的运输成本降低。运输能力较大的运输工具比如铁路和水路，每单位的运输费用更低。
With the increase of shipment size, the shipping cost per unit weight is reduced. More powerful means of transport, such as rail and water, have lower transport costs per unit.
距离经济economy of distance:每单位的运输成本随距离的增加而减少。
常见运输工具：
主要可以分为水路运输工具、公路运输工具、航空运输工具。
水路运输是用船舶作为运输工具，在各种水域进行运输活动，水路运输运载能力大、成本低、能耗少、但是速度慢Water transport is to use ships as a means of transport, activity in a variety of water area , water transport have huge carrying capacity, low c
参考：来源：物流管理physical distribution management.docx｜专业：工商管理｜课程：物流管理physical distribution management